英语思维 解密语法的原理?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：解密语法 - 一般过去时态和现在完成时态之间的区别真的很简单?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：解密语法-为什么我们说 I love you 而不说 I am loving you？?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：用图示的方法，让你一眼就看明白什么是主从句、什么是单复句?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：有什么相见恨晚的背单词方法？本文告诉你学习单词的黄金法则！?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：虚拟语气，简单到想哭！本文将为你彻底解密虚拟语气的思维密码?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：介词 in on at 间的本质区别?zhuanlan.zhihu.com英语思维：赛门喵你无耻的抄袭可以休止了?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
某985高校，大学英语语法课笔记，希望对你有帮助：
词的性质 ：
countability可数性（从形式和实质来分析:
My mother cooked eggs for me.这里的egg是粉碎的egg，所以形式上不可数。steelworks钢厂; one steelworks this is a crossroads这是一个十字路口, one dice一个骰子.
the dice is cast骰子出结果了 eggs-good or bad for health.「eat only the whites, throw away the yellow.」只吃那些白色的，扔掉黄色的。（这里whites为什用复数，说不清楚。）attention（cn）注意力，照顾 , office （un）掌权（cn）工作间. nouns所有可以加冠词的就是名词. Interpreting口译 interpretation解释（有些ing形式不是动名词，而是单独的辞汇）; proper nouns专有名词,nationality国籍 nation国家，政府 country国家，accommodation房屋 accommodations和解，（Japan abounds in accommodations, both Japanese and Western culture.） table manners餐桌礼仪 每个人都有manner（举止，行为）;after hours≈ after working hours office hours工作时间（复数）lunch hour午餐时间 they did it for kicks（for kicks 为了作乐） in bad shape today今天状态不好have carrots有胡萝卜（这种物质，而不是含有胡萝卜）no carrot in it没有胡萝卜（原料）在里面.experience 经验（have much experience） experiences经历（一次痛苦的感情经历）.paper（纸张这种材料）papers（文件或者试卷） talk访谈 talks 谈话，一次谈话.lamb羔羊肉 lambs羊羔 he grew a beard/moustache/whisker 他留了胡须，大胡子和腮帮子; assess damage评估损害 assess the damage评估这次的损害 assess the damages; wages≈salary wages月薪，周薪（通常黑人用，因为有很多个周，所以通常是复数）salary年薪（通常白人用）; he have a sad brow she wiped her brow she arched/raises/knitted her brows. the books show the company is in bad shape这些账目显示这个公司经营不善
常见不规则变化：
nucleus nuclei（原子核） stimulus stimuli（刺激物，促进因素） phylum phyla（语群，生物种群）radius radii半径 opus opera（作曲，歌剧）alumnus alumni女校友 alumna alumnae校友 bureau-bureaus局 衣柜 datum-data（数据）die-dice骰子;the best brains最聪明的人 have a good brain有一个聪明的头脑have the guts to do （有勇气去做）have the pain身体的疼痛 （pains 指的是肉体的痛苦） go through the pains经历痛苦的过程（pains更多指抽象的痛苦）交通银行bank of communications（复数表示交通） his writings i cant read doctors writings我不能认出医生的手稿 to give him his due给他报复 give him his dues给他报酬 dues≈fees thanks≈congratulations感谢和祝福都是读复数 Christmas greetings≈apologiesa letter of condolences一封安慰信 My regrets这些情感都是用复数
Summation plurals:
It is only plural form, because it combine several same parts in itself. For example,
Bellows,
tweesers
Binoculars
glasses
Pincers
spectacles
Pliers
pants
Scales
trousers
Pluralial tantum:it only have the plural form
ages
bowels
fireworks
looks
amends
brains
funds
manners
annals
clothes
goods
outskirts
archives
contents
guts
pains
arms
customs
heads/tails
premises
arrears
colours
holidays
quarters
ashes
dregs
earnings
letters
savings
banns
entrails
lodgings
surroundings
Verb:
Transitive and intransitive;Monotransitive and ditransitive
Intransitive and obligatory adjunct:
Live lie;Sit; Stand;Photograph;Look;behave. He thinks(he thinks a lot).
Ambitransitive:
I broke the window.;The window broke.The window was broken.
Conative:
The horse kicked me.(The horse kicked at me.)
Intransitives and cognate objects:
He died a heroic death. She was thinking uncharitable thoughts.
Dynamic and stative verbs:
Dynamic verbs are also called action verbs, capable of being used in the progressive. Stative verbs are also called state verbs, incapable of progressive use.
Stative or dynamic:
Some words can be both stative and dynamic in different situation. e.g:
She has a baby.She is having a baby. He is having a bath.
The wine tastes good.I am tasting the wine.
Regular vs. Temporary:
He is nice./He is just being nice.
What do you want?/?What are you wanting?/What were you wanting in the past?
Summation nouns:
Bellows
tweesers
Binoculars
glasses
Pincers
spectacles
Pliers
pants
Scales
trousers
Scissors
shorts
Shears
tights
tongs
But :A trouser press ;A scissor kick.
Compromise：
有一点：kind of sort of Quite Rather Enough Sufficiently more or less
you are quite right（you are very quite. or you are right in your own way.）
his answer is not quite right. Diminisher Mildly温和地 Moderately slightly
somewhat（考试考察是否有遗漏其中的信息）Approximate adverbs and attitudes：she is（）tall Fairly Rather pretty。
it is pretty well impossible to convince him.（pretty well ＝ almost）。
focus:（exclusiveness）单独，只有： Alone Purely Only simply
Focusing： Johe （only） phone Mary today. John only （phone） Mary today.
especially＝ very specially＝（choose one sight.）
Badly I need it badly.我非常需要它。 I like him deeply.? he wounded her badly（physical）
he wounded her deeply（mentally）
completely（not for dynamic word） style disjunct形式连词 Frankly, .... honestly....
Adjectives:
1) attributive
This boring class drives people mad.
2) predicative
This class is boring.
3) attributive only
He always wears a wooden expression.
4) predicative only
He was afraid to do it.
Attributive定语:
only or non-inherent外在属性 a wooden face: sad face or face made of wood
A big fool: big not big size, so non-inherent（外在属性的形容词通常是前置形容词） My poor boy: poor isn』t no money 我可怜的孩子 My dear lady: dear means sb I love A good father: good is not like good in good, so it is non-inherent The wretched woman: wretched not means she is devil（这个可恶的女人）.
Inherent and dynamic内在形容词通常是动态形容词吗？: inherent=dynamic(in most case)He is wooden.(inherent=dynamic) He is being wooden(inherent is not dynamic) America Studies(research) centre A studying(learning) center. Corner table(a kind of table or the table in the corner).
A chair with arms= an armchair Decay of teeth= tooth decay a shoe factory A career girl An arts degree.
Attributive only:
In general, adjectives that are restricted to attributive positions do not characterize the referent of the noun directly.
Denominal ( attributive only):
A polar bear
a black bear
A criminal law
A medical school
An atomic scientist
生词搭配：
Stiff liquor(liquor with extreme taste)烈酒 Flat beer(no gas in the beer)温和地啤酒 Rancid meat腐肉 fizzy drink汽水 Stale bread硬面包 Sour milk(milk with sour taste)已经酸了的奶；
Stiff smile(unnatural smile)僵硬的笑容 Stiff English(talking without elegance in English)；
Meat raw(without cooking) Meat rare(cooking a bit) Medium rare(cooked)
denomination:
只能用于定语的形容词;
A criminal law(a crime law); A physical department( a chemical department) A physical scientist(a physics scientists) A chemical department ;A chemical scientist Inherent and non-inherent can』t be linked with :The tall and corporate lawyer ( the tall corporate layer) A nice and chemical teacher ( a nice chemical teacher) Inherent and non-inherent can』t be linked with 「and」
Non-gradable:
intensifiers An absolute hero一个彻底的英雄 A complete fool一个彻底的白痴 Pure nonsense An utter folly彻底的愚蠢行为 A perfect idiot
Non-gradable and attributive only:
A logical fallacy
A provincial governor
A criminal lawyer
A constitutional amendment
Dramatic criticism
Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman』s classification:
those adjectives that show the reference of the head noun has already been determined:
Those adjectives that show us the importance or rank of the head noun:
Those adjectives that show the head noun is recognized by law or custom:
Those adjectives that identify the reference of the noun itself – that is, they, tell us (in part) what the noun means – and they may not occur after the copula be.
those adjectives that qualify the time reference of the noun.
Those adjectives that qualify the geographical reference of the noun:
Those adjectives that intensify or emphasize the head noun:
Those adjectives that show the uniqueness of the head noun:
Differences in meaning（形容词前置和后置意思不一样）：
The stolen jewels( a characteristic of the jewels) The jewels stolen( a certain jewels) The concerned(worried) doctor The doctor concerned(responsible) This elect(specially chosen) body The president elect(who has been elected) Post-attributive: a-(afloat, ablaze) Present(who are here) company(people) were included. A_type are predicative Stative#dynamic Be quiet. ?Be tall.
E.g:
-The concerned (= worried) doctor rang for an ambulance.
-The doctor concerned (= responsible) is on holiday.
-This elect (= specially chosen) body meets once a year.
-The president elect (= who has been elected) takes over in May.
-It was a very involved (= complicated) explanation.
-The boy involved (= connected with this) has left.
Noun modifiers名词作为形容词:India paper or Indian paper. India paper is a type of paper.;
Chinese tea.(China tea?)Well-featured face(face with good position) Big-featured face很有特点的面容(big eyes, big mouth etc.) ;
Nose：l A brandy nose 酒糟鼻;
Go slowly(physical slow)慢点走 Go slow(metaphysical slow)放慢节奏或者进度
Inherent or non-inherent:
Soldiers normally timid don』t fight well.
Normally timid soldiers don』t fight well
A man usually honest will sometimes cheat.
A usually honest man will sometimes cheat.
Stative vs. Dynamic:
Two ways to tell them apart:1) imperative ;Be quiet.?Be tall.
2) progressive;He is being humorous.?He is being tall.
Overtones with Progressive:
The professor always types his own letter.
The professor is always typing his own letter.
?John comes.
John always comes.
John is always coming.
The Arrow and the Song :
找到证据才能说明这是和友谊有关 verbs transitive@intransitive 及物动词和不及物动词 monotransitive @ distransitive 单及物动词和多及物动词 agree（with him. to what he said . on the price. to leave at once. 也可以作为及物动词 agree that. 加从句） want （a book. to do. 也可以作为不及物动词 want for nothing） . want manner（他欠缺礼节） 常用的辞汇里面有很多是及物动词和不及物动词都互换的，I like it（it doesnt mean any object） avenge（his death by burning烧毁村子来复仇）（themselves）（他们自己报仇） 类似的有:carry himself badly.（自己不约束自己行为） behave himself badly. （seat. carry. behave. 这里后面都不是及物动词，尽管后面接了名词） ingratiate with the boss. 巴结老板 avail of every chance利用好每个机会 pride oneself on sth. intransitive and obligatory adjunct 不及物动词和强制性附属（比如这些词语都要接宾语live lie. sit. stand. photograph. look. behave. ） he thinks a lot.（?he thinks） he eats a lot（?he eats.）还有dine 等词语，都要有副词才能更清楚。 另外的升级版本是（teach. study. he teaches a lot. he teaches at a University. 这两种说法都是合理的。） motion（高速动词）（walk. run. bolt. whisker.） ambitransitive（模糊及物动词）（break. I broke the window.我打碎了玻璃 the window broke. 这玻璃碎了 the window was broken这玻璃被打碎了.）
he succeeded in the attempt. he succeeded his fathers death to the throne（因此这里in代表succeeded不同的意义。）semantic of ambitransitive he sings 他能够唱歌he sings American song他唱美国歌曲。 he pays. 他负责支付he pays the debt.他偿还债务。（一个是抽象的概念，一个是具体的概念。） he drinks这里指他喝酒 he drinks tea他会喝茶 he understands他很理解人，he understands you他理解你。 he wins.他赢了（是他赢了，而不是其他人，这里是抽象的） he wins the match. the cake cuts easily.（这里easily形容的是动词） the cake tastes sweet.（这里sweet形容的是蛋糕）从意义来思考。 conative意志，意动词（在加at的时候辞汇及物性发生变化）the horse kicks me.马蹄了我（he horse kicks at me.马踢向我，可能没踢到） shoot me 射我（shoot at me）射向我 at影响了辞汇是不是执行了，是不是一个指向性动作，或者是已经实施了的动作。 he sips the wine.
he sips at the wine.（这两个句子的意思基本一样，很难说sip但是miss） 同样的 he nibble the biscuit. （he nibbled at the biscuit）他一点一点的咬饼干。两个句子意思一样。
Address form:
Francis Russell, the Earl of Bedford can be called Lord Bedford,
Sir William Cecil, Baron Burghley, can be called Sir William or / Lord Burghley
the Lord Treasurer can be called My Lord Treasurer. (sir 只是和本人有关，所以和名字有关，而lady和lord和 家族有关，所有应该用家族的姓氏）
Margaret Douglas, the Countess of Lennox can be called Lady Lennox,
Jane, the Baroness Lumley is a barons wife. Her maiden name was Fitzalan. She can be called Lady Lumley but not Lady Fitzalan.
Lady" with the surname of the husband only, Sir John and Lady Smith
Sir Thomas Jermyns wife Catherine, can be called Catherine Lady Jermyn, or Lady Jermyn （这个和中国一样，lady和丈夫的姓氏连用）
Lady as a courtesy title：Courtesy titles are used only with Christian names, never with surnames. Lady Margaret Russell should be called Lady Margaret.
Gender:
Buck
doe
Bull
cow
Cock
hen
Dog
bitch
Gander
goose
Lion
lioness
Stallion
mare
tiger
tigress
Jew
Jewess
Heir
Heiress
Manager
Manageress
Poet
Poetess
Shepherd
Shepherdess
Benefactor
Benefactress
Hunter
Huntress
Negro
Negress
Emperor
Empress
Traitor
Traitress
Prince
Princess
Mayor
Mayoress
Actor
Actress
Host
Hostress
with or without prep:
he roamed the woods. （he roamed in the woods）在森林里面闲逛（意思一样） he climbed the tree. 他爬树he climbed up the tree.他爬上了树 he climbed down the tree.
he met dean. 他遇见了院长 he met with dean. 他回见了院长（之前有安排）he met up with dean.他邂逅了院长（非常随意的遇见。）
talk politics all time. 他总是很理智地说话 talk about politics all time.他总是讨论政治。（politic 明智的，讲策略的） he was dripping blood.（他在滴血） he was dripping with blood.（他在滴血，可能不是他的.） talk shop（讨论自己的职业） talk about the shop（讨论某个商店。） shout at him. （对他咆哮） shout to him（大声说话让对方听到） throw a glass to him（他把杯子扔给他） throw a glass at him（他用杯子扔他） smile at him和smile to him是一样的。
he smiled a sweet smile. （他用一个笑容） he smiled. he grinned his appreciation.（他满足的笑了） she doesnt frighten easily.（她不是轻易被恐吓的） she isnt frightened by noise in dark. （但是这两句不能合在一起。） a developing country. an interesting.
semantic of ambitransitive:
he sings 他能够唱歌he sings American song他唱美国歌曲。 he pays. 他负责支付he pays the debt.他偿还债务。（一个是抽象的概念，一个是具体的概念。） he drinks这里指他喝酒 he drinks tea他会喝茶 he understands他很理解人，he understands you他理解你。 he wins.他赢了（是他赢了，而不是其他人，这里是抽象的） he wins the match. the cake cuts easily.（这里easily形容的是动词） the cake tastes sweet.（这里sweet形容的是蛋糕）从意义来思考。 conative意志，意动词（在加at的时候辞汇及物性发生变化）the horse kicks me.马蹄了我（he horse kicks at me.马踢向我，可能没踢到） shoot me 射我（shoot at me）射向我 at影响了辞汇是不是执行了，是不是一个指向性动作，或者是已经实施了的动作。 he sips the wine.
Attributive only=denomination:
he sips at the wine.（这两个句子的意思基本一样，很难说sip但是miss） 同样的 he nibble the biscuit. （he nibbled at the biscuit）他一点一点的咬饼干。两个句子意思一样。he smiled a sweet smile. （他用一个笑容） he smiled. he grinned his appreciation.（他满足的笑了） she doesnt frighten easily.（她不是轻易被恐吓的） she isnt frightened by noise in dark. （但是这两句不能合在一起。） a developing country. an interesting. a developed country. （这里的develop 是不及物动词，不能说country develop another.） tell me and I forget. teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.告诉我所以我知道，教我我会记住，让我参与我会学会。 they fined me 10yuan. （他们罚了我十元） they fined me. （他们罚了我） they fined 10 yuan.（他们罚了？？这个意思。）
Singular with s:
News
Names of some disease: measles, mumps, rickets, shingles
Names of subjects:Linguistics,classics, mathematics
Some Proper nouns: the United Nations, the United States, Algiers, Brussels, Athens
Some games: billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes,
Performative:
（行动性声明，描述的不是既成事实，而是正在进行或者改变的状态。）: ? he objectsto the plan. I object to the plan. ?He advises me not to come.（这种句子很难判断对错，因为没有对错。） I advise you not to come. ? He begs her to tell him the truth. （因为世界处于动态之中，句子只能是事实的反馈，那么只能是一般过去时态或者进行时态来描绘别人的状态。） I beg you to tell me the truth. he promises to return the book toyou on Monday.(wrong) I promise to return the book to you on Monday.（这个句子就是正确的，因为在说话的这一瞬间我就是在做承诺。） I have promised to return the book to you on Monday. （这个就不是行动性声明，而是对过去事实的描述。） 有些词语强调成果或者进行的动态： He tried to convince her. He is trying to convince her. （这两个句子都是正确的，一个强调成果，一个强调过程。） He tries to convince her.(这个句子就是错误的，无法具体判断真实的事实进程。）
Imperative:
（命令性声明） 1.without subject. be quiet. 假如有主语的话，语气会更强，例如， you be quiet. you put the book. you mind your own business. somebody open the door. the 这些句子都有主语，就会显得更不礼貌。但是在negation里面的话，就不会这么粗鲁，比如， you dont open the window.
tense and aspect:
tense is related to time, aspect relates to action. 英语实际只有过去时态和现在时态，因为将来时态其实不是单词本身的变化。 aspect： 分为一般，进行，完成， 完成进行时四种。 进行（描述进行的动作，描述现在的状态，表达将要到来的动作，表达不是特别明显的断言请求，比如 I am thinking..） perfect aspect. past time with current relevance( past action in now). anterior time. where didi youu put my purse? where have you put my pause（前面的过去一般过去时态，形容的一个过去的事实，而后句的完成时态，则是埋怨的意思。） 有些完成时态的动作是完成的，有些完成时态的动作没有完成。 I will not forget that I have forgotten lyrics. I will other forget that I forgot lyrics（这两个句子的不同在于，前面的句子对于自身的反悔情绪比后面的一般过去时态的句子更深刻。）.
Searlles contribution:
felicity conditions, 1.propositional content, I am cold, 2. sincerity, eg. teacher ask you do sth or order you do sth. 3，prepatary condition, sb have authority over you, or, a benefits B and Britain believer A benefits B. 4. essential,
compliment: a case study. definition, positively speech acts, signals of solidarity. 这个词语的含义没有「恭维」那么强烈。只是想建立比较和谐的关系。
audible attention and civil inatttention 听觉上的关注和行为上的不关注。
在中文的恭维和英语中的compliment是不一样的， 比如演讲结束之后，西方人喜欢通过询问来体现「理解了」或者「compliment」，但是在中文环境询问好像是对演讲者的不尊重，不认同。 syntactive patterns: NP+be : that coat is really great. be looking . You are looking terrific. I like/love I simply love that skirt. pronoun be, thats a very nice coat. what, what lovely.
topics of compliments: appearance, ability, performance, possessions, other. 恭维的话题无非就是外貌，表现，财富或者其他。
effective compliment:
give them your reason, you have a niece haircut---I like your haircut because it highlights your eyes. your shoes are nice---your shoes are beautiful. 2. mention the name, 3. make it easy for the other to answer. sue, I like your haircut because it highlithgs your eyes, How did you happen to choose that style? John, your shoes are nice because they gowll with yoursuit. What madeyour decidde to go for that style? 怎么做一个有效果的恭维， 简述原因，点出名字，询问原因。
response:
1. accept, thanks, I think its lovely, too. You are looking good too. Its not too bad, is it? 2. reject, Im afraid I dont like it much. Is beautiful the right word? You dont really mean that. 3. deflect/ evade My mother knittedit. I bought it at ...place. its time we were leaving, isnt it? 回答恭维有三种方式，接受，拒绝和回避。
thank在前面四种模式下的不同意思。考试考察
Goffman on interaction:
SAIC：
situational propriety；accessibility;involvement and civil inattention
Situational propriety:
this suggests that the meaning of our actions is linked to the context in which they arouse,andthat we can rarely understand behavior without knowledge of the situationin whichti occured. 情景意义。social gatherings, or social situation. 社交情景。 Mrs. Cliton got a warmer reception at lunch with Daiso Binguo, a member of the powerful State Council. " You look youger and more beautiful than you look on TV." he exclaimed.这个就是反面例子。Mrs.
Clinton was momtarily nonplused, before replying, " Well , we will get along very well."
accessibility:
in everday life, we allow ourselves to be accessible to all friedns and ratified strangers.
involvement:our capacity to give, or to withhbold from fiing, concerted attention to the activity at hand.
the assumption of good will:the assumption of mutual regard and good will build into open regions.
spatial constaint: engagement to the conversational kind appear to have , at least in our society, some spatial conventions.
Involvement:
Our capacity to give, or to withhold from giving, concerted attention to the activity at hand.
Civil inattention:
Civil inattention involves both a willingness to be seen and a sign of deference to those present.
Hall( middle-class distance) intimate:
body contact to 18 inches, personal: 18 inches to 4 feet, social: 4 feet to 12 feet, publicL12 feet to 15 feet.)
front:
personal front -1. possess , sex, age, rank, physical looks, race, etc. 2. give. 3 give off (minor cues)
impression management: a manners , appearance
Leechs theory:
three pragmatic scales: cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness. six maxims: Tact maxim , minimize cost to others, maximize benefit to others; generosity Maxim: minimize benefit to oneself, maximize cost to oneself; approbation maxim: minimize despraizse to others, maximize prasie to others; modesty maxim: maximize dispraise to oneself , minimize praise to oneself. agreement maxi: minimize disagreement, maximize agreement; sympathy maxim, minimize 三种实践维度和六种最大维度
three features: gradability; conflict, appropriateness.
Brown and Levinsons politeness theory:
definition of face.2. the term face may be defined as the positive social value a person efffectively claims(must be claims, if not claimed, is not effective) for himself by the line others assumehe has taken during a partivular contace.(Goffman)。面部表情（facial expression）是指通过眼部肌肉、颜面肌肉和口部肌肉的变化来表现各种情绪状态。比如眼睛不但可以传情还可以交流思想，面部表情是一种十分重要的非语言交往手段。Chinese face is more self-center.
two kinds of face:
positive face(image), negative face(freedom), FTA: face treatening act , it is presumed that acts of communication often carry implications that threaten the face of an interactant.
those taht directly damage Ss possitive face:
two kinds of politeness: positive politeness and negetive politeness.
positive politeness:is approach-based; it "anoints" ...
negetive politeness: thus is essnetially avoindande-based , and realizations of negative-politeness strategies consist in assurancess that the speaker recognizes and respects the addressees negetive-face wants and will not interfere with the addressees freedom of action. 消极的礼貌是为了避免做某事。
Face threatening act (FTA):
it is presumed that acts of communication often carry implications that threaten the face of an interactant.
socialogical variables:
the social distance of S and H( a symmetrec relation);
the relative power of S and H ( an asymmetrec relation), the absolute ranking of impositions in the particular culture. 社交变化会由于各种社会外在等级制度而改变。
set of strategies:
without redressive action, baldly on record . with redressive action , positive politeness, negative politeness, off record, dont do the FTA.
Bald on record: damands overrides face concerns: 1. watch out! 2.. your plants aree on fire.
Bald on record oriented to face:
without redressive action.
Positive politeness:
1. notice; attend to H. 2. exagggeration; 3. use in-group identity markers. 4. seek agreement.5. avoide adisagreement(token agreement, e.g. you hate your Mom and Dad, Oh, Sometimes.)
negative politeness:
1. be conbentionally indirect, dont presume or assume, 2. question, hedge,(dont presume.) do me a favour , will you? I wonder if John went out. 3. be pesssimistic ( do not coerce.) the use of the subjunctive. could you distance ti for me? 4. minimize the imposition, I just want to ask you if I can borrow, I just dropped by for a minute to ask if you.... 5. give deference, will you care for a sanwich?, 6. apology 7. impersonalize S and H.
turn and turn-taking system:
according to Sacks, the basic unit of the conversation is "turn". turn-taking mechanis: A select N and A stops. A does not select, and B self-selects, A doesnt select, and no one self-selects, and them either the conversation ends or A continues. Turn signals: 1. intonation-marked clause, 2. sociocenttric sequence,you know, or something. 3. completion of grammatical clause.
Signals:
1.back-channel signal and cues,the auditor』s use form the back channel is gennerally taken to indicate continuing attentiveness of one sort or another to the speaker』s message. And the back channel appeats to provide the auditor with a means for participating actively in the conversation, thus facilitaiting the genealogical coordinating of action bu both participants, within the structure of the conversation.
Types:
1.em, this expression is used to stand for a group of readily identified verbalizations. 2. sentence completions; request for clarification; 3.brief restatement;5.head nods and shakes.
Presequence:
A preannouncement is a presequence for an announcement of news.
A preinvitation is a presequence that is likely to be understood by the respondent as a signal of a coming invitation.
A preclosing is a presequence that signals the end of a conversation is near.
A prerequest is a presequence that prefigures a request, possibly by ascertaining the ability of the respondent to satisfy the coming request.
Interaction rules:
when the auditor uses a back channel, there seems to be a mutual understanding; presequence: a presequence is a sequence that is used to introduce a conversational action, and often prefigures a particular sort of action and secures the addressee』s cooperation. Preannouncement: a preannouncement is a presequence for an announcement of news.(it consists of a turn in which the announcing participant checks on the newsworthiness of the item, and may also consist of a turn in which the recipient allows or disallows the newsworthiness of the item before beginning a request-acceptance or question-answer sequence to elicit the announcement.) Preclosing: a preclosing is a presequecnce that signal the end of a conversation is near. IT provides opportunity for the discussion of any additional remaining topic before the participants proceed with the closing sequence. (When the auditor uses a back channel, there seems to be a mutual understanding between the particiants that the speaker retains the turn throughout the duration of the back channel, and that the speaker will continue the turn immediately upon the completion of the back channel.)
Examination:1.know the concept, such as 『back channel cues」. 「negative politeness」, at least there is a sentence is correct in the pair to find the grammar wrong. Distinguish the un. and cn, 1. why can』t people say」 we debate the constitution?」 2. can we say 「 where is the headquarters?」 , the adjective order, usually 3 adjectives, the tense is important. 7/10, only choose 7 of the 10，if you choose 10, just count first 7. pay attention to collective nouns, such as 「cattle」, in last question: analyse the phenomenon through the theory of the course.
go through the PPT
Look through the book
xx大学外文学院
2018～2018学年第二学期期末考试试卷
□A卷 □ B卷
（ 装 订 线 内 不 要 答 题 ）
课程名称：_____ 英语通论______ 课程代码：______
开课院系：_____ 外文学院 ______ 考试形式： _____ _____
姓 名： 学 号： 专 业：
题 号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
总 分
得 分
Final Examination for Aspects of English
(June, 2018)
Answer seven of the following questions. (21%)
What is a summation plural? Please give at least two examples.
It only have plural form,it combined with several same part, such as scales, trousers
What is the difference in meaning and usage between the two uses of 「office」 in the following two sentences:
I got the job through the kind offices of my uncle.
Donald Trump was sworn in office as 45th present of the United States.
Help, authority.
Why do we need a pre-announcement sequence? You need to give one example.
When we need to make an announcement, we need to make a pre-annoucement to see the listener』s possible attitude.
What is the difference between 「I am staying with my aunt」 and 「I have been staying with my aunt?」
Why do we say 「We eat with a knife and fork」 instead of 「We eat with a knife and a fork？」
「a knife and fork」 is a suit for eating, while 「 a knife and a fork」 is 「a knife」 and 「a fork」 combined together.
What is the male form for a goose?
Gander.
Why is 「He is a handsome and English teacher」 wrong?
Inherent and non-inherent shouldn』t be together.
Under what circumstances can 「resemble」 be used in the progressive aspect? We need an example here.
She resembles her mother.
She is resembling her father more and more.
What does Tact Maxim mean? Please use one example to illustrate the point.
Minimize the
Tact maxim , minimize cost to others, maximize benefit to others
What does 「nee」 mean in 「Rose Smith nee White?」
Maternal name.
Choose seven pairs and correct the error(s) in the sentences in each pair. Please note that it is possible that both sentences are wrong. If there is an error please point it out and explain why. (42%)
In the earthquake, he lost 200 heads of cattles.
In the earthquake, he lost 200 heads of cattle.
I hate to have visitors after hour.
I hate to have visitors after hours.
She was really offended by the laureate poets who left with a word.
She was really offended by the poets laureate who left with a word.
He did not realize that making amends is different from make apology.
He did not realize that making an amends is different from make an apology.
He was surprised to find an old big beautiful triangular shelf in the office.
He was surprised to find a beautiful old triangular big shelf in the office.
I am betting you ten dollars that AC Milan will win.
I bet you ten dollars that AC Milan will win.
Select ONE of the following tasks (300 words) (37%):
It is often the case that when one praises a Chinese after her singing at a party, she tends to say something to the effect that the performance is just so-so or not as good. But an English person may give a different response. What kind of response will the English person give and why the Chinese person and the English person respond differently? Please use one of the politeness theories discussed in class to analyze the case.
Many complain that the Chinese do not say 「Thank you」 often enough. Are there any differences between the Chinese and the English interactional norms when it comes to saying thanking you? Discuss the felicity conditions of each to illustrate the differences.
Final Examination for Aspects of English
(June, 2018)
Answer seven of the following questions. (21%)
What are the biggest differences between English and Chinese nouns? (We need examples).
English nouns emphasize the singular and plural form, while Chinese nouns not.
I need a apple. 「我要苹果。」
Why do we usually say 「My mother cooked egg and chips for my breakfast」 instead of 「My mother cooked eggs and chips for my breakfast?」
Eggs means different kinds of egg.
What does 「a face threatening act」 mean?
A act will influence the positive attitude of the speaker.
Why can』t people say 「We debate the constitution?」
Debate is a dynamic verb, it should be 「 we are debating the constitution.」
Can we say 「Where is the headquarters？」
Summation noun.
How can we address Francis Smith with the term 「lord?』
Lord Smith.
What is the difference between 「the concerned doctor」 and 「the doctor concerned?」
The kind doctor, and the responsible doctor.
Why do we say 「such a fool」 instead of 「a such fool?」
「such」 should only be added before noun phase.
Why don』t we say 「He lives?」
Live is a intransitive verb, but it should be added adjunct to make the sentence complete. For example, 「 he lives in the city.」
What is the difference between 「we discussed that question in class」 and 「 We have discussed that question in class?」
The first emphasize the fact that we finished the action, the second emphasizes the result that we have done it and it effects.
Choose seven pairs and correct the error(s) in the sentences in each pair. Please note that it is possible that both sentences are wrong. If there is an error please point it out and explain why. (42%).
He was hit on his head.
He was hit on the head.
This time he is in big trouble because he seems to have broken the crime law.
This time he is in big trouble because he seems to have broken the law of crime.
Criminal law.
John was mad at her, calling her a good idiot.
John was mad at her, calling her a total idiot. .
He left his child in the indoors stadium, and went back to his office.
He left his child in the indoor stadium and went back to office.
Everybody knows that John would take over the company because he is the apparent heir.
Everybody knows that John would take over the company because he is the heir apparent.
An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person
The earthquake is not almost as grave as people expected.
The earthquake is not nearly as grave as people expected.
The wine tastes sweetly.
The wine tastes sweet.
She has broken down and I regret to tell her the truth.
She has broken down and I regret telling her the truth.
The tower is standing at the top of the mountain and you won』t miss it.
The tower stands at the top of the mountain and you won』t miss it.
You can』t blame us for that because we are lacking the necessary experience.
You can』t blame us for that because we lack the necessary experiences.
Select ONE of the following tasks (300 words) (37%):
Some people say that the Chinese are not at good producing back channel cues. Doe you agree? You need to explain that a back channel cue is, give examples and explain why you agree or disagree.
Some argue that there is not negative politeness in the Chinese culture since the Chines culture is collectivistic. What is your take on that?
英语思维：解密语法 - 一般过去时态和现在完成时态之间的区别真的很简单?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
英语思维：解密语法-为什么我们说 I love you 而不说 I am loving you？?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
英语思维：用图示的方法，让你一眼就看明白什么是主从句、什么是单复句?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
英语思维：有什么相见恨晚的背单词方法？本文告诉你学习单词的黄金法则！?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
英语思维：虚拟语气，简单到想哭！本文将为你彻底解密虚拟语气的思维密码?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
英语思维：介词 in on at 间的本质区别?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
英语思维：赛门喵你无耻的抄袭可以休止了?zhuanlan.zhihu.com
