[常考重点整理] 动词 verb
定义: - 动词 (verb)是表示动作或状态的词,每一个句子都有动词,而且只有一个动词。,如果需要有两个以上的动词一定要想办法解决。
动词用法: 及物动词:
及物是指动词后面接名词 (N.), 也就是受词 (O.), 在字典里通常会标示为 Vt (t: transitive)及物动词 范例 完全及物动词 I like the boy. 不完全及物动词 You make me happy.
不完全及物动词的受词后面必须接补语意思才会完整。常见有:make, leave等。不及物动词:
不及物则后面不接 N. 或 O., 而是接 副词或介系词. 在字典里通常会标示为 Vi (i: intransitive)不及物动词 范例 完全不及物动词 Birds fly. 不完全不及物动词 I live with my family.
不完全不及物动词亦称为「连系动词」,后面须接补语。常见有:be, seem, look, become, appear, get等。
动词变化: 规则: 规则变化 范例 V+ed ended, opened V字尾e+d liked, lived V字尾子音y-ied tried, studied V字尾母音y+ed stayed, obeyed V字尾短母音+子音-重复子音+ed stopped, rubbed 不规则: - 三型同型 A-A-A型
解释 原形 过去式 过去分词 赌 bet bet bet 吩咐 bid bid bid 花费 cost cost cost 切 cut cut cut 打击 hit hit hit 伤害 hurt hurt hurt 读 read read read 设置 set set set 流出 shed shed shed 关闭 shut shut shut 吐 spit spit spit 分离 split split split 传播 spread spread spread 心烦 upset upset upset - 二式同形 A-A-B型
解释 原形 过去式 过去分词 打 beat beat beaten - 二式同形 A-B-A型
解释 原形 过去式 过去分词 成为 become became become 来 come came come 克服 overcome overcame overcome 跑 run ran run - 二式同形 A-B-B型
解释 原形 过去式 过去分词 弯 bend bent bent 捆绑 bind bound bound 流血 bleed bled bled 带来 bring brought brought 建造 build built built 买 buy bought bought 捕 catch caught caught 爬行 creep crept crept 处理 deal dealt dealt 挖掘 dig dug dug 饲养 feed fed fed 感觉 feel felt felt 战 fight fought fought 发现 find found found 逃 flee fled fled 得 get got got 研磨 grind ground ground 吊 hang hung hung 有 have/has had had 听 hear heard heard 把握 hold held held 保持 keep kept kept 跪 kneel knelt knelt 放置 lay laid laid 领导 lead led led 学习 learn learned learned 离开 leave left left 借给 lend lent lent 失去 lose lost lost 做 make made made 意欲 mean meant meant 遇到 meet met met 付款 pay paid paid 说 say said said 寻求 seek sought sought 卖 sell sold sold 寄送 send sent sent 照耀 shine shone shone 射 shoot shot shot 坐 sit sat sat 睡 sleep slept slept 闻 smell smelt smelt 拼字 spell spelt spelt 花费 spend spent spent 纺织 spin spun spun 站立 stand stood stood 黏贴 stick stuck stuck 刺 sting stung stung 打击 strike struck struck 扫 sweep swept swept 摇摆 swing swung swung 教 teach taught taught 告诉 tell told told 想 think thought thought 知道 understand understood understood 哭 weep wept wept 胜 win won won 卷动 wind wound wound - 三式不同形 A-B-C型
解释 原形 过去式 过去分词 生 bear bore born 开始 begin began begun 咬 bite bit bitten 吹 blow blew blown 打破 break broke broken 选择 choose chose chosen 做 do did done 画 draw drew drawn 喝 drink drank drunk 驾驶 drive drove driven 吃 eat ate eaten 落下 fall fell fallen 飞 fly flew flown 忘记 forget forgot forgotten 宽恕 forgive forgave forgiven 冻结 freeze froze frozen 给 give gave given 去 go went gone 生长 grow grew grown 躲藏 hide hid hidden 知道 know knew known 躺 lie lay lain 误会 mistake mistook mistaken 骑乘 ride rode ridden 鸣钟 ring rang rung 升起 rise rose risen 看 see saw seen 摇动 shake shook shaken 展出 show showed shown 唱 sing sang sung 下沉 sink sank sunk 说话 speak spoke spoken 跳跃 spring sprang sprung 偷 steal stole stolen 奋斗 strive strove striven 发誓 swear swore sworn 游泳 swim swam swum 拿取 take took taken 撕裂 tear tore torn 投掷 throw threw thrown 穿 wear wore worn 编织 weave wove woven 写 write wrote written
- 三型同型 A-A-A型
时态: 简单式:
现在时间
简单现在式表示现在发生的事件、动作、状态、习惯或存在的真理与事实。 形式:V, V-s, V-es 或 V-ies。一般动词用原形,如果主词是「第三人称单数」后面动词要加「s」或「es」。be 动词依主词人称使用am, are, is。另一个常用动词have,主词第三人称单数时用has。- 表示存在的状态、现在发生的动作:
- He is my uncle.
- I am happy.
- Jim opens the door.
- 表示习惯:常配合频率副词 every, often, always, usually
- He gets up at seven every morning.
- He often writes homework after school.
- He takes a walk after dinner every day.
- 表示真理与事实:
- The sun rises in the east.
- The earth goes around the sun.
- 也可代替未来式:如 go, come, leave, start, begin 等
- He comes tomorrow morning.
- He leaves next week.
用来描述发生与结束均是于过去时间的事件、行为与动作。简单过去式的句型,只要将简单现在式中的主要动词,更改成过去式动词。 形式:V-ed 或不规则变化。be动词用was, were。一般动词就不用在考虑主词人称问题,动词用过去式。- 表示过去发生的动作:
- I was happy yesterday.
- Jim opened the door yesterday.
- He went to America last May.
用来描述未来发生的行为动作或出现的事件状态。 形式:will / shall + V 或be going to + V。在动词前面加上will(将要),它本身是个「助动词」,而动词要用原形动词。- 表示未来发生的动作或状态:
- I will be happy.
- Jim will open the door.
- He will come tomorrow.
- 未来式 will/shall 的相等语:
be going to: - It is going to snow.
- She is going to write to him.
- be about to:
- The show is about to begin.
- We are not about to stop now.
进行式:
现在时间
用来描述在说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作,如「正在...」表示。 形式:am / is / are + Ving,现在式be动词+现在分词。- He is doing homework.
- It is running.
- Jim is opening the door.
用来描述在过去某一阶段或某个时间点上正在进行的动作。 形式:was / were + Ving,过去式be动词+现在分词。- He was doing homework.
- It was running.
- Jim was opening the door when I came.
用来描述在未来某一阶段或某个时间点上正在进行的动作。 形式:will be + Ving,will+be动词原型+现在分词。- He will be doing homework after dinner.
- It will be running by the end of the summer.
- Jim will be opening the door when I come.
完成式:
现在时间
用来描述从过去某个时间点开始到现在为止已完成或仍在持续的动作、状态或经验。 形式:has / have + PP(过去分词)- I have arrived.
- Jim has opened the door.
- He has watched television.
- Jim has been America three times.
用来描述在过去某段时间内已经完成的动作或存在的状态。 形式:had + PP(过去分词)- I had arrived home when she came.
- Jim had opened the door at that time.
- He had watched television when I came.
用来描述在未来某时刻前已经完成的动作。 形式:will have + PP(过去分词)- I will have finished homework tomorrow.
- Jim will have opened the door when I come.
- I will have worked here for 2 years by this time next week.
完成进行式:
现在时间
用来描述从过去某个时间点开始到现在仍在持续进行的动作。 形式:has / have been + Ving- You have been waiting here for two hours.
- Jim has been opening the door for an hour.
- He has been watching too much television lately.
- He has been working here for three years.
用来描述在过去某时刻前就已经持续一段时间的动作或状态,且该事件仍可能在继续进行。 形式:had been + Ving- They had been talking for over an hour before Jim arrived.
- Jim had been opening the door for an hour when I came.
- He had been crying for half an hour when I got there.
- How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
用来描述在未来某时刻前仍在继续进行的动作。 形式:will have been + Ving- You will have been waiting for over two hours when he arrives.
- Jim will have been opening the door for an hour when I finally arrive.
语态: - 因为完全不及物动词,根本就没有受词的存在,所以根本无法形成被动语态,只能用主动的方式来说明句子的主词的动作行为。因此完全不及物动词是没有,也无法有被动语态的。而完全及物动词的句子,因为有受词,所以可以把主动语态变成被动语态。
主动:
主动语态表示句子的主词是动作的执行者。主动语态是简洁有力的,可以清楚的知道「谁」执行了这个动作。- I mailed a letter.
- Jim opens the door.
- Jim ate a cake.
被动:
被动语态表示句子的主词是动作的承受者。被动语态比较不直接的,当主词未知或想强调动作的受词,可以使用被动语态。把受词变成主词,把动词改成 be动词+过去分词,把原主词改成by片语。就形成 主词 (S) + Be 动词 (be V) + 过去分词(PP),也可在之后加上by + N,补充说明主词是以什么样的方式承受某种动作。- A letter was mailed by me.
- The door is opened by Jim.
- A cake was eaten by Jim.
- 强调被施受的主词或是动作。
- 施受的主词不确定。
- 为了上下文的转折,使语气更顺畅。
语法: 直述法:
肯定句
表示意义的肯定叙述一个事实、情境、观念等,其语意及句法皆与中文句子雷同。am I am happy. is He is happy. She is happy. My dog is happy. are You are happy. We are happy. She and I are happy.
否定句就是在be动词的后面加上not。其他动词的用法:助动词 + not + 原形动词。am I am not happy. is He is not happy. She is not happy. My dog is not happy. are You are not happy. We are not happy. She and I are not happy.
把be动词移到句首就是问句。通常用yes或no先回答,又叫Yes-No问句。其他动词的用法:助动词(如Do, Does, Did, Can, Could, Have, Has, etc) + 主词 + 原形动词。am Am I happy? is Is he happy? Is she happy? Is my dog happy? are Are you happy? Are we happy? Are she and I happy? 祈使句:
表示请求、命令或禁止的句子。当我们使用「祈使句」时,是向「对方」下命令,或是说「要求对方」做某事,所以「祈使句」又叫做「命令句」。 当我们在使用「祈使句」时,主词you通常被省略,动词要改为原形动词,如am, are, is的原形动词是be。- Sit down. 坐下
- Open the window. 打开窗户
假设句:
所谓的假设语气就是表达「与事实相反」的语气,并借由「动词时态的改变」来表达。 假设语气:不能用现在式、动词时态往后退一步、be动词一律用were。
与现在事实相反
If + S1 + 过去式/were …, S + would/should/could/might + 原形动词 …- If I had money, I would buy her the book.
- If I were rich, I would buy that car.
If + S1 + 过去完成式(had+PP) …, S + would/should/could/might + have + PP …- If I had had money last year, I would have bought her the book.
表示「万一」: If + S1 + should + 原形动词 …, S + 助动词 + 原形动词 …- If it should rain tomorrow, you don’t expect me.
- If the sun were to rise in the west, I would go to the movie with you.
一致性: -
主词是单数「你、我」 I like dog. You watch TV. You play. 主词是第三人称单数 He likes dog. She watches TV. My dog plays. 主词是复数 They like dog. She and I watch TV. He and his dog play.
-
不定词: - 「不定词」是非限定动词,就是「to + 原形动词」。其形式固定,不受主词的人称和数限制,并可当名词、形容词、副词等用。 在同一个句子中,若有第二个动词出现时,则该第二个动词可以改成不定词。
- He wants to make friends with you.
当名词:
不定词当名词用时,可当作主词、受词或补语。- To get up early is good for health.
- To see is to believe.
- He is about to go home.
- Our teacher does not allow us to talk in class room.
当形容词:
不定词可作形容词的限定用法,该不定词的动词必须为及物动词,置于所修饰的名词之后。- There is nothing to eat.
- I have many things to do.
当副词:
不定词当作副词用时,可以修饰动词、形容词和副词。通常都是为了说明目的、结果、理由等。- I keep a dog to watch my house.
- I am glad to meet you.
- He's sorry to be late.
- He will go to see the doctor.
疑问不定词:
疑问词(what, where, which, when, how, whether)加上不定词可以构成疑问不定词名词片语,当做主词、受词、及主词补语用。当主词用时,表示一个事件,后面接单数动词。- I don't know what to do.
- I don't know where to go.
- I don't know which to see.
- I don't know when to leave.
- I don't know how to do it.
- I don't know whether to stay or not.
须接不定词的动词:
ask, allow, decide, force, get, have to, hope, invite, learn, need, order, plan, promise, prepare, seem, teach, tell, want, wish, would like
- 「不定词」是非限定动词,就是「to + 原形动词」。其形式固定,不受主词的人称和数限制,并可当名词、形容词、副词等用。 在同一个句子中,若有第二个动词出现时,则该第二个动词可以改成不定词。
动名词: - 动名词和现在分词是动词加上ing形成,含有主动的意味,但用法却完全不同。现在分词是当作形容词用。动名词则有名词的性质,在句中可作主词、受词等,又有动词的性质,可以带有受词,补语或由副词等修饰。
当名词:
动名词后用单数动词,但两个动名词以上时用复数动词。- Jogging is good for your health.
- Smoking is a bad habit.
- Skiing and skating are good winter sports.
当受词:
动名词作及物动词的受词,或作介系词的受词用。介系词通常不用不定词作为受词。- I like jogging.
- I am tired of eating fish every day.
- He is good at driving cars.
当补语:
动名词可置于be动词后当主词补语。- His hobby is collecting stamp.
- Teaching is learning.
当形容词: - His job is a dancing teacher.
- There is a smoking room.
须接动名词的动词:
admit, appreciate, avoid, be used to, can't help, consider, enjoy, finish, feel like, have fun, imagine, give up, keep, look forward to, mind, miss, practice, prevent, quit, spend, waste
现在分词、过去分词: - 现在分词是动词加上ing当作形容词用,含有主动的意味,表示一个动作正在做或正在进行。过去分词是动词原式加d/ed的规则形和其他不规则形,含有被动的意味。
- She is washing the table.
- They are reading in the class.
- Dinner was cooked by mom.
- The book was written by Jim.
- The story is interesting to me.
- I am interested in the story.
- 现在分词是动词加上ing当作形容词用,含有主动的意味,表示一个动作正在做或正在进行。过去分词是动词原式加d/ed的规则形和其他不规则形,含有被动的意味。
助动词: 主要助动词:
为了表达否定、疑问或其他时态及语态方面的意义时,要在句中使用助动词来协助动词表达。- Jim does not go to school every day. (否定句)
- Does Jim go to school every day? (问句)
- Jim has read that book. (完成式)
- Jim is listening to the radio. (进行式)
- The cake was eaten by Jim. (被动语态)
语气助动词:
为了表达某种特定的语气而使用的助动词称为「语气助动词」。- Can I use the telephone? (许可)
- Jim may be in the class room. (可能)
- Jim will visit us next weekend. (意图)
- You must see us again next summer. (必要)
be 动词: - be动词是英文中常用的动词之一,用来表达一种状态、一种实际的情形。通常与名词或形容词合用。
现在式 am I I am happy. is he, she, it,
第三人称单数He is happy. She is happy. My dog is happy. are you, we, they,
主词为复数You are happy. We are happy. She and I are happy. 过去式 was I, he, she, it,
第三人称单数I was happy yesterday. She was happy yesterday. My dog was happy yesterday. were you, we, they,
主词为复数You were happy yesterday. We were happy yesterday. She and I were happy yesterday.
- be动词是英文中常用的动词之一,用来表达一种状态、一种实际的情形。通常与名词或形容词合用。
连缀动词: - 连缀动词是用来「连接、点缀主词」的动词,故会在连缀动词后加上「形容词」做主词补语。主词+连缀动词+主词补语。
连缀动词的分类:
- be 动词。
- I am a student.
- get、become、turn 表示「转变、转换」的动词。
- The traffic light turns green.
- sound(听起来)、look(看起来)、smell(闻起来)、taste(尝起来)表示「当下的状态或感觉」的动词。
- Your idea sounds good.
- She looks beautiful.
- 连缀动词也可以加上like(像,介系词),后面须接名词,如feel like + N 解释成看起来像什么。
- The dog look like a cat.
- be 动词。
感官动词: - 感官动词指感觉器官的动词,常见有「看」和「听」hear, see, watch。 感官动词的后面动词,可以是「原形动词」陈述事实,也可以是「现在分词」(V-ing) 的形式,强调过程。
- I saw him drink a cup of coffee.
- I saw him drinking a cup of coffee.
- 感官动词指感觉器官的动词,常见有「看」和「听」hear, see, watch。 感官动词的后面动词,可以是「原形动词」陈述事实,也可以是「现在分词」(V-ing) 的形式,强调过程。
使役动词: - 使役动词的特色就是要求某人做什么事情,带有强烈语气迫使别人做事情,有命令、要求、请求、让、叫、帮忙的味道。常见有make, have, let, get, help等。又以 make 语气最为强列再者就是 have。 使役动词有强迫某人做事,因此后面的动词用原型动词。主词+使役动词(make, have, let, get, help)+人/动物+原型动词。要特别注意,很多人会把使役动词后面须接原型动词与一般动词后面须接不定词的动词容易造成混淆。
- The teacher made Jim get his book.
- The teacher wanted Jim to get his book.
- 使役动词的特色就是要求某人做什么事情,带有强烈语气迫使别人做事情,有命令、要求、请求、让、叫、帮忙的味道。常见有make, have, let, get, help等。又以 make 语气最为强列再者就是 have。 使役动词有强迫某人做事,因此后面的动词用原型动词。主词+使役动词(make, have, let, get, help)+人/动物+原型动词。要特别注意,很多人会把使役动词后面须接原型动词与一般动词后面须接不定词的动词容易造成混淆。
授与动词: - 后面要接两个受词,以表示授与行为的动词,常见有:
用to bring带、give给、read读、sell卖、send寄、show秀、tell告诉、write写 用for find找、buy买、bring带、cook煮、draw画 - 口诀:找樱樱美黛子画
用of ask问、beg求 - I buy a flower for Mary. = I buy Mary a flower.
- He asked a question of me. = He asked me a question.
- 后面要接两个受词,以表示授与行为的动词,常见有:
情绪动词: - 情绪动词「使...」,须以事物当主词,可用现在分词Ving表令人觉得...,可用过去分词PP表感到...。
boring 令人觉得无聊的 bored 感到无聊的 exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 感到兴奋的 interesting 令人觉得有趣的 interested 感到有趣的 scaring 令人害怕的 scared 感到害怕的 surprising 令人惊讶的 surprised 感到惊讶的 tiring 令人厌倦的 tired 感到厌倦的 touching 令人感动的 touched 感到感动的 worrying 令人担心的 worried 感到担心的 - Everything interests me.
- The ball game excited all the fans.
- Everything is interesting (to me).
- The ball game was interesting.
- I am interested in everything.
- All the fans were excited at the ball game.
- 情绪动词「使...」,须以事物当主词,可用现在分词Ving表令人觉得...,可用过去分词PP表感到...。
花费动词: spend 的用法:
主词必须是「人」,可用于花费「时间」或「金钱」。动词三态为:spend、spent、spent。
句型:S + spend/spent + 时间/金钱 + Ving/on N.- I spent three hundred dollars buying the book.
- I spent three hundred dollars on the book.
- I spent three hours finishing the work.
take 的用法:
只能表达花费「时间」。动词三态为:take、took、taken。
句型1:Ving/N. + take/took + 人 + 时间- The homework took me three hours.
- It took Jim three hours to finish the work.
cost 的用法:
只能用于花费「金钱」。动词三态为:cost、cost、cost
句型1:Ving/N. + cost + 人 + 金钱- The cake costs me two dollars.
- It costs Jim one hundred dollars to buy the shoes.
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