Listener behavior

Both, MUSHRA and ITU BS.1116 tests[2] call for trained expert listeners who know what typical artifacts sound like and where they are likely to occur. Expert listeners also have a better internalization of the rating scale which leads to more repeatable results than with untrained listeners. Thus, with trained listeners, fewer listeners are needed to achieve statistically significant results.

MUSHRA和ITU BS.1116测试[2]都需要训练有素的专业听众，他们知道典型的异音听起来像什么，以及它们可能发生在哪里。与未经训练的听众相比，专业听众对评分量表有更好的内部化，从而产生更多可重复的结果。因此，有了训练有素的倾听者，需要更少的倾听者就能获得统计上有意义的结果。

比如说之前的几种虚拟耳机验证实验和双耳录音验证实验。

鬼斧神工119：虚拟耳机实验以及这个实验带给我们的启发。?

zhuanlan.zhihu.com

与此同时，也有相关实验结果，Trained Listener 与 Na?ve Listener对于音色的评价方法是类似的，但是对于空间印象（发烧友所说的声场）的评价策略是不同的。

更多相关阅读：

Schinkel-Bielefeld, N., Lotze, N. and Nagel, F. (May 2013). "Audio quality evaluation by experienced and inexperienced listeners". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 133 (5): 3246. doi:10.1121/1.4805210.

Rumsey, Francis; Zielinski, Slawomir; Kassier, Rafael; Bech, S?ren (2005-05-31). "Relationships between experienced listener ratings of multichannel audio quality and na?ve listener preferences". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 117 (6): 3832–3840. doi:10.1121/1.1904305. ISSN0001-4966.

1. Ga?tan, Lorho; Guillaume, Le Ray; Nick, Zacharov (2010-06-13). "eGauge—A Measure of Assessor Expertise in Audio Quality Evaluations". Proceedings of the Audio Engineering Society. 38th International Conference on Sound Quality Evaluation.
2. ^ Jonas, Ekeroot; Jan, Berg; Arne, Nyk?nen (2014-04-25). "Criticality of Audio Stimuli for Listening Tests – Listening Durations During a Ranking Task". 136th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society.
3. ^ Max, Neuendorf; Frederik, Nagel (2011-10-19). "Exploratory Studies on Perceptual Stationarity in Listening Test - Part I: Real World Signals from Custom Listening Tests".
4. ^ Frederik, Nagel; Max, Neuendorf (2011-10-19). "Exploratory Studies on Perceptual Stationarity in Listening Test - Part II: Synthetic Signals with Time Varying Artifacts".
5. ^ Nadja, Schinkel-Bielefeld (2017-05-11). "Audio Quality Evaluation in MUSHRA Tests–Influences between Loop Setting and a Listeners Ratings". 142nd Convention of the Audio Engineering Society.
6. ^ ITU-T P.800 (August 1996). "P.800 : Methods for subjective determination of transmission quality".
7. ^ Nadja, Schinkel-Bielefeld; Zhang, Jiandong; Qin, Yili; Katharina, Leschanowsky, Anna; Fu, Shanshan (2017-05-11). "Is it Harder to Perceive Coding Artifact in Foreign Language Items? – A Study with Mandarin Chinese and German Speaking Listeners".
8. ^ Bla?ková, Lubica; Holub, Jan (2008). "How do Non-native Listeners Perceive Quality of Transmitted Voice?" (PDF). Communications. 10.4: 11–15.

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