重要知識點回顧:

  1. 物質通過主動運輸(active transport),滲透(osmosis),簡單擴散(simple diffusion)和協助擴散(facilitated diffusion)的形式怎麼進出細胞
  2. 胞吞胞吐(endocytosis and exocytosis)的過程
  3. 細胞內小泡(vesicles)運輸,內膜系統

Key features of each method of transport across membrane

1.4.U1 Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

四種膜運輸方式參與了許多的生命過程,比如神經衝動(第6章),植物根部運輸(第9章),氣體交換(第6,11章)。

一般將膜運輸方式分成兩類:主動運輸與被動運輸

主動運輸(active transport)

物質從低濃度到高濃度逆濃度梯度進行運動,需要耗能的過程。movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, with the use of energy (against the concentration gradient)包括利用蛋白質通道(pump)以及膜泡(bulk transport)進行物質運輸兩種。

1.4.A1 Structure and function of the sodium-potassium pumps for active transport and potassium channels for facilitated diffusion in axons.

  • 鈉鉀泵(sodium-potassium pump)是一個必須掌握的主動運輸知識點,很多類型細胞裡面都有鈉鉀泵(泵其實是globular protein),比如第六章裡面的神經細胞會具體講到,這一節要記住以下幾點先:
    • 鈉鉀泵是消耗ATP的一種integral protein
    • 將鈉運輸到細胞外,鉀運輸到細胞內
    • 逆濃度運輸鈉和鉀
    • 每次運輸出三個鈉會運回兩個鉀

1.4.U2 The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis. Vesicles move materials within cells.

  • 胞吞(endocytosis):細胞膜內凹後磷脂形成小泡運輸物質。transport of molecules into the cell through invagination of the plasma membrane and formation of the phospholipid vesicle containing the molecule
  • 胞吐(exocytosis):高爾基體釋放出的小泡與細胞膜融合後釋放出內含質到細胞膜外面。transport of molecules from the golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, using a vesicle made of phospholipids which upon contact with the plasma membrane fuses with it and releases the content outside the cell

  • 內膜系統(endomembrane system/ vesicle transport)
    • rER上的核糖體產生蛋白質
    • 蛋白質進入ER進行修飾(摺疊或與其他分子結合)
    • 蛋白質包裹在小泡中,運輸到高爾基體(cis Golgi)
    • 小泡與高爾基體融合,釋放蛋白質到高爾基體中
    • 蛋白質進一步加工打包並以小泡形式離開高爾基體(trans Golgi)
    • 包含蛋白質的小泡與細胞膜融合,蛋白質釋放到細胞外(exocytosis)

被動運輸(passive transport)

物質從高濃度到低濃度順濃度梯度進行運動,不需要耗能的過程。movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (down the concentration gradient)

  • 簡單擴散(simple diffusion):物質不需要蛋白質通道進出膜的一種被動運輸。passive transport of molecules through a membrane, without the need of protein channels (oxygen diffusion)
    • 擴散是一種物理現象(Molecules are always moving, even when they are equally distributed/ have reached equilibrium),放到生物中物質進出細胞膜則發生於這種物質可以隨意進出細胞的時候,比如一些非極性分子(non-polar),包括固醇類物質和甘油(steroids and glycerol),另外氧氣和二氧化碳等氣體分子也可快速通過細胞膜。血液透析(hemodialysis)中用到的儀器也是利用擴散的原理,第11章會具體講到。
  • 協助擴散(facilitated diffusion) :物質需要蛋白質通道進出膜的一種被動運輸。passive transport of molecules facilitated by channel proteins (sodium transport, calcium transport)。比較經常拿出來講的例子就是ADP進入線粒體以及ATP出線粒體的過程,這兩種物質都是通過協助擴散的方式進出膜;還有就是神經細胞面的鈉鉀通道

1.4.A2 Tissues or organs to be used in medical procedures must be bathed in a solution with the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis.

  • 滲透(osmosis):專門特指水的被動運輸。從水多到水少的地方運輸,不過一般擴散仍以溶質濃度去做定義。movement of water from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

    • 水於細胞膜的擴散主要通過兩種方式,一種是通過特殊的蛋白質通道——水孔蛋白,另外一種是通過細胞膜的間隙

    • 在滲透中會遇到solute potential(溶液越濃,potential越高,有的課本講osmotic pressure或osmotic potential,都是一個意思)這個概念,可以用osmometer進行簡單的解釋

    • 動植物細胞中的osmosis,這些單詞需要理解:hypotonic, hypertonic, turgid, flaccid, plasmolysis,人的應用經常會提到打點滴的時候生理鹽水為等滲溶液

    • 淡水生活的單細胞生物,比如變形蟲(protozoan Amoeba)會面臨淡水不斷湧進身體的狀況,它們身體裡面有特殊的水泵,叫做伸縮泡(contractile vacuole),可以源源不斷地泵出水

練習題

Quiz on 1.4 Membrane Transport?

docs.google.com

    • 鏈接為Google Forms形式的11道練習題,做完提交後會顯示分數和正確答案。
    • 習題副本如有需要請在末尾選擇「Send me a copy of my responses.」,系統會發送到你填寫的郵箱。

Short answer question

    • Define osmolarity. [1 marks]
    • This image shows a normal red blood cell.

These images show two red blood cells that have been placed in solutions with different concentrations of solutes.

Deduce, with a reason, which red blood cell has been placed in a hypertonic solution.[1 marks]

  • The diagram (not to scale) shows a cell which contains water and sodium ions. This cell is immersed in a salt solution of water and sodium ions. State the mode of transport if water moves into the cell. [1 marks] State the mode of transport if sodium ions move into the cell. [1 marks]

  • Explain facilitated diffusion. [3 marks]
  • State the name of the structures formed within a cell by endocytosis. [1 marks]
  • Distinguish between active and passive movements of materials across plasma membranes, using named examples. [4 marks]
  • Explain how materials are moved across membranes of cells by active transport. [2 marks]

Reference:

Clegg, C. Biology for the IB Diploma (2nd ed.). Hodder Education.


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