根據世界衛生組織（世衛組織）近日發佈的一份報告，2016年有300多萬人因有害使用酒精而死亡，佔死亡總數的二十分之一。這些死亡中四分之三以上爲男性。總體而言，有害使用酒精導致全球疾病負擔的5%以上。

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有害使用酒精的後果

世衛組織《2018年酒精與健康全球狀況報告》全面介紹了世界各地酒精消費和酒精導致的疾病負擔情況。此外，還闡述了各國爲減輕這一負擔正在採取的措施。

譚德塞博士

世界衛生組織總幹事

“有太多人及其家庭和社區在遭受有害使用酒精的後果，包括暴力、傷害、精神衛生問題以及癌症和中風等疾病。這已對健康社會的發展構成嚴重威脅，加緊行動予以制止的時候到了。”

在所有可歸因於酒精的死亡中，28%系因傷害所致，例如交通事故，自我傷害和人際暴力等；21%源自消化功能紊亂；19%源自心血管疾病，其餘則由傳染病、癌症、精神障礙和其它病症所導致。

雖然自2010年以來，全球在短暫性狂飲流行率和酒精相關死亡人數方面出現了一些積極趨勢，但有害使用酒精造成的總體疾病和傷害負擔仍高得令人無法接受，特別是在歐洲區域和美洲區域。

全球估計有2.37億男性和4600萬女性患有酒精使用障礙，歐洲區域和美洲區域的男性和女性患病率最高（前者男性爲14.8%，女性爲3.5%；後者男性爲11.5%，女性爲5.1%）。酒精使用障礙在高收入國家更爲常見。

未來10年中預計全球消費量將增加

據估計，目前飲酒者有23億人。在世衛組織美洲、歐洲和西太平洋這三個區域，半數以上人口消費酒精。歐洲儘管自2010年以來人均消費量下降了10%以上，但仍是世界人均消費量最高的區域。

當前趨勢和預測顯示，未來10年全球人均酒精消費量將增加，特別是在東南亞區域、西太平洋區域和美洲區域。這些區域裏包括了中國和印度在內的人口大國，且這兩個國家恰恰是該區域酒精人均消費量上升的原因。上升幅度最大的預計是東南亞區域，其中印度人均飲酒量將增加2.2升。其次預計發生在西太平洋區域，其中中國人口數量最多，預計到2025年中國人均攝入純酒精的消費量將增加0.9升。

人們的酒精消費量是多少？

飲酒者日均消費33克純酒精，大約相當於2杯葡萄酒（每杯150毫升），一大瓶（即750毫升）啤酒或兩瓶烈酒（每瓶40毫升）。

全球15-19歲兒童中四分之一以上（27%）爲目前飲酒者。15-19歲兒童的目前飲酒率歐洲最高（44%），其次是美洲（38%）和西太平洋（38%）。據學校調查表明，在許多國家，酒精使用始於15歲之前，且男孩和女孩之間差異極小。

在全球記錄的酒精總消費量中，45%爲烈酒形式。就消費的純酒精而言，啤酒位居第二（34%），其次是葡萄酒（12%）。自2010年以來，世界各地對酒精飲料的偏好只有略微變化。其中最大的變化發生在歐洲，那裏的烈性酒消費量減少了3%，而葡萄酒和啤酒的消費量則增加了。

相比之下，全球15歲及以上人羣中，一半以上（57%或31億人）在過去12個月內沒有飲酒。

更多國家需要採取行動

所有國家都可以採取更多措施來降低有害使用酒精的健康和社會成本。具有成本效益的行之有效行動包括：增加酒精飲料稅，禁止或限制酒類廣告，以及限制酒精的實物供應 。

高力博士

世界衛生組織駐華代表

“鑑於中國目前的發展趨勢，有必要在現有規章制度的基礎上制定相應的法律框架，以提高酒精飲料稅、限制酒類零售實物供應以及全面禁止酒類廣告。”

幾乎所有（95%）國家都實行了酒精消費稅，但其中只有不到一半採用其它價格策略，例如禁止以低於成本的價格銷售或批量折扣。大多數國家對啤酒廣告實行某種限制，最常見的是在電視和廣播中完全禁止廣告，但較少限制互聯網和社交媒體中的廣告。

“我們希望看到會員國採取富有創造性的挽救生命解決方案，例如徵收酒精稅和限制廣告等。在2010年至2025年期間，我們必須更加努力削減需求並實現各國政府設定的使全球酒精消費相對減少10%的目標。”

——譚德塞博士

世衛組織總幹事

減少有害使用酒精將有助於實現可持續發展目標下一系列衛生相關具體目標，包括關於孕產婦和兒童健康、傳染病、非傳染性疾病和精神健康、傷害和中毒等的具體目標。

Harmful use of alcohol can be deadly

Harmful use of alcohol kills more than 3 million people each year, most of them men

More than 3 million people died as a result of harmful use of alcohol in 2016, according a report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) today. This represents 1 in 20 deaths. More than three quarters of these deaths were among men. Overall, the harmful use of alcohol causes more than 5% of the global disease burden.

WHO’s Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 presents a comprehensive picture of alcohol consumption and the disease burden attributable to alcohol worldwide. It also describes what countries are doing to reduce this burden.

“Far too many people, their families and communities suffer the consequences of the harmful use of alcohol through violence, injuries, mental health problems and diseases like cancer and stroke,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO. “It’s time to step up action to prevent this serious threat to the development of healthy societies.”

Of all deaths attributable to alcohol, 28% were due to injuries, such as those from traffic crashes, self-harm and interpersonal violence; 21% due to digestive disorders; 19% due to cardiovascular diseases, and the remainder due to infectious diseases, cancers, mental disorders and other health conditions.

Despite some positive global trends in the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking and number of alcohol-related deaths since 2010, the overall burden of disease and injuries caused by the harmful use of alcohol is unacceptably high, particularly in the European Region and the Region of Americas.

Globally an estimated 237 million men and 46 million women suffer from alcohol-use disorders with the highest prevalence among men and women in the European region (14.8% and 3.5%) and the Region of Americas (11.5% and 5.1%). Alcohol-use disorders are more common in high-income countries.

Global consumption predicted to increase in the next 10 years

An estimated 2.3 billion people are current drinkers. Alcohol is consumed by more than half of the population in three WHO regions – the Americas, Europe and the Western Pacific. Europe has the highest per capita consumption in the world, even though its per capita consumption has decreased by more than 10% since 2010.

Current trends and projections point to an expected increase in global alcohol per capita consumption in the next 10 years, particularly in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions and the Region of the Americas. These regions include the highly populated countries of China and India, which account for the increases in per capita consumption. The highest increase is expected in the South-East Asia Region, with an increase of 2.2 litres per capita in India. The second-highest increase is projected for the populations of the Western Pacific Region, where the population of China is the largest, with an increase in per capita consumption of 0.9 litres of pure alcohol by 2025.

How much alcohol are people drinking?

The average daily consumption of people who drink alcohol is 33 grams of pure alcohol a day, roughly equivalent to 2 glasses (each of 150 ml) of wine, a large (750 ml) bottle of beer or two shots (each of 40 ml) of spirits.

Worldwide, more than a quarter (27%) of all 15–19-year-olds are current drinkers. Rates of current drinking are highest among 15–19-year-olds in Europe (44%), followed by the Americas (38%) and the Western Pacific (38%). School surveys indicate that, in many countries, alcohol use starts before the age of 15 with very small differences between boys and girls.

Worldwide, 45% of total recorded alcohol is consumed in the form of spirits. Beer is the second alcoholic beverage in terms of pure alcohol consumed (34%) followed by wine (12%). Worldwide there have been only minor changes in preferences of alcoholic beverages since 2010. The largest changes took place in Europe, where consumption of spirits decreased by 3% whereas that of wine and beer increased.

In contrast, more than half (57%, or 3.1 billion people) of the global population aged 15 years and over had abstained from drinking alcohol in the previous 12 months.

More countries need to take action

All countries can do much more to reduce the health and social costs of the harmful use of alcohol. Proven, cost-effective actions include increasing taxes on alcoholic drinks, bans or restrictions on alcohol advertising, and restricting the physical availability of alcohol.

“Given the trends in China, there is a need to build on existing regulations and develop a legal framework to strengthen taxes on alcohol beverages, enforcement of the physical availability of retailed alcohol and total ban on alcohol advertisement,” said Gauden Galea, the WHO Representative in China.

Almost all (95%) countries have alcohol excise taxes, but fewer than half of them use other price strategies such as banning below-cost selling or volume discounts. The majority of countries have some type of restriction on beer advertising, with total bans most common for television and radio but less common for the internet and social media.

“We would like to see Member States implement creative solutions that will save lives, such as taxing alcohol and restricting advertising. We must do more to cut demand and reach the target set by governments of a 10% relative reduction in consumption of alcohol globally between 2010 and 2025,” added Dr Tedros.

Reducing the harmful use of alcohol will help achieve a number of health-related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those for maternal and child health, infectious diseases, noncommunicable diseases and mental health, injuries and poisonings.