SEVEN STEPS TO LEARN AND MASTER ANYTHING AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE

快速學習和掌握的七個步驟（暢銷書作家：James Altucher）

I hate learning.

我討厭學習。

I wanted to learn how to trade stocks and I ended up losing my home. I wanted to learn how to play chess better and in one of my first tournaments I threw all the pieces on the floor and cried.

我想學習如何交易股票，結果我失去了我的房子。我想學習如何更好地下棋，但在我最初參加的一場比賽中，我把所有棋子都扔到地上哭了。

I wanted to learn to play poker and I lost about $20,000 the first ten times I played.

我想學打撲克，打了十次就輸了兩萬美元。

I wanted to learn how to start a business. I wanted to learn more about investing. I wanted to learn computer programming, how to make a TV show, how to write a book, how to speak to a large audience, how to do standup comedy.

我想學習如何創業。我想學習更多關於投資的知識。我想學習計算機編程，如何製作電視節目，如何寫一本書，如何對一大群觀眾講話，如何做單口喜劇。

Heck, when I was a kid I wanted to learn how to breakdance. I wanted to learn how to kiss a girl. I wanted and wanted.

見鬼，我小的時候就想學霹靂舞。我想學習如何吻一個女孩。我想了又想。

Every time I ended up crying. Over and over.

每次的結果都不盡人意。重複一遍又一遍。

This is what I learned about learning.

這就是我從實踐中學到的。

A) HACK THE 10,000 HOUR RULE

A) 打破1萬小時法則

This rule, developed by Anders Ericsson and popularized by Malcolm Gladwell, damaging me for years thinking I needed 10,000 hours to succeed at anything, states that you need 10,000 hours of 「deliberate practice」 to reach master-level potential.

這條由安德斯·埃里克森(Anders Ericsson)提出、馬爾科姆·格拉德威爾(Malcolm Gladwell)推廣的法則，多年來一直在誤導著我，讓我認為我需要1萬小時才能在某件事情上取得成功。

For instance, as Gladwell writes in 「Outliers」 (but Ericsson disputes in his book 「Peak」), The Beatles got their 10,000 hours playing 20 hours a day in strip clubs in Germany before they wrote their first album.

例如，正如格拉德威爾在《局外人》(Outliers)一書中所寫的那樣(埃里克森在其著作《巔峰》(Peak)中提出了異議)，甲殼蟲樂隊在創作首張專輯之前，曾在德國的脫衣舞俱樂部每天演出1萬小時，每天20小時。

Mozart played piano for 10,000 hours by the time he was 12 years old.

莫扎特12歲的時候已經彈鋼琴1萬小時了。

Story after story.

許多許多的列子。

So I felt frustrated. I feel frustrated.

所以我感到沮喪。我感到挫敗。

I』m almost 50. I only like to learn something if I can be among the best. If I can reach my potential. Potential enough to see the nuances in something I love so much I want to get good at it.

我快50歲了。我只喜歡學習一些我能做好的事情。如果我可以發揮我的潛力。有足夠的潛力去發現我非常喜歡的東西的妙處，我就想做好它。

But I』ll be dead after another 10,000 hours of learning.

但是再學1萬個小時。。我感覺我可能會掛掉。

But now I』m convinced the 10,000 hours can be skipped.

但現在我確信這10,000小時並非必須。

Here』s how.

下面教你怎麼做。

B) PLUS, MINUS, EQUAL

B)加法，減法，等法

PLUS

加法

Find mentors.

找到導師。

A mentor can be real (someone who is willing to help you analyze your mistakes), or virtual (read books).

導師可以是真實存在的(願意幫助你分析錯誤的人)，也可以是虛擬的(讀書)。

Both real and virtual are good.

真實和虛擬都是好的。

For anything you are interested in, you should read 100 books a year. You should watch 100s of videos.

對於任何你感興趣的東西，你應該一年讀100本書。你應該看上百個關於這個的視頻。

We have mirror neurons that learn by watching or reading our virtual mentors. It』s as if we download their lives into our brain and the mirror neurons think that their experience are ours.

我們有鏡像神經元，通過觀看或閱讀我們的虛擬導師來學習。就好像我們把他們的生活下載到我們的大腦中，鏡像神經元認為他們的經歷是我們的。

For instance, when I wanted to learn how to be a better public speaker, I would watch videos of great public speakers right before I had to speak.

例如，當我想要學習如何成為一個更好的公眾演講者時，我會在演講之前看一些有名的公眾演講者的視頻。

When I played in chess tournaments I would play through the games of world champions so I could learn more how they thought about the game.

當我參加國際象棋比賽時，我會參加世界冠軍們的比賽，這樣我就能更多地了解他們對比賽的看法。

And every time I lost a game I went over the game, move by move, with a grandmaster who I paid to coach me. He would set up similar positions to my losing position and we』d play game after game until I mastered the nuances.

每次我輸掉一場比賽，我就和我花錢請來的特級教練一步一步地回顧比賽。他會復盤當時我輸的地方類似的位置，我們會一場接一場的比賽，直到我掌握了其中的細微差別。

When I wanted to learn about investing I read every investment book I could find and spoke with 100s of other great investors.

當我想學習投資的時候，我會閱讀我能找到的每一本投資書籍，並和其他100多名優秀的投資者交談。

When you read, to maximize what you learn: immediately after reading a book write down 「ten things I learned」. Else, you won』t remember more than 1 or 2 things at best from the book.

當你閱讀時，要最大化地學習:讀完一本書後立即寫下「我學到了十件事」。否則，你最多只能記住一到兩件事。

I』m trying to learn Standup Comedy now. I capitalize it because it』s that important to me. It』s the hardest skill I』ve ever had to learn.

我正在學習單口喜劇。我學習它是因為它對我很重要。這也是我學過的最難的技能。

I』m in year two. I probably watch 20 videos a day. I videotape myself on stage 4–6 times a week. And I read books about and by comedians. And, fortunately, I have a podcast. So I ask great comedians to come on and I can ask them any question I want.

我在二年級時。我可能一天看20個視頻。每周在舞台上拍4-6次。我還讀過一些關於喜劇演員的書。幸運的是，我有一個播客。所以我請著名的喜劇演員來，我可以詢問他們任何我想問的問題。

EQUALS

等法

This is so important it really deserves its own letter. This one category alone, 「Equals」, is worth about 4,000 of the 10,000 hours.

這是很重要的一點所以真的值得擁有它自己的名字。僅這一類，「等法」，就能抵得上10000小時中的4000個小時（40%！）。

Find people who love what you love and spend as much time talking about this shared area as you can.

找到那些志趣相投的人，花儘可能多的時間談論這個共同的領域。

If you are all equally striving and finding your own path through learning this new skill you all want to share, then you will build community and learn together.

如果你們希望得到這個學習的技巧且願意彼此分享，那你們就應該建立起學習小組一起學習。獲得這個技巧，你們就找到了學習之道。

(the 「Beats」. Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S Burroughs, all rose up as writers together by comparing notes, editing each other』s works, encouraging each other, for over 20 years as they rose up in the industry together).

(「垮掉的一代」。傑克·凱魯亞克，艾倫·金斯伯格，威廉·S·巴勒斯，都是在20多年的寫作生涯中共同成長起來的作家，他們互相交流心得，互相修訂作品，互相鼓勵。)

When I was learning poker, my friends and I would compare notes on every difficult hand we played during an evening.

當我在學習撲克的時候，我和我的朋友們會整完就每一個難題交換意見。

When I was learning investing, I』d talk to friends in every area of investing (day trading, arbitrage, value investing, special situations, quantitative, etc etc) and we』d share notes and quickly learn through the experiences of each other.

在學習投資的過程中，我會和各個投資領域的朋友交流(日常交易、套利、價值投資、特殊情況、量化等等)，分享心得，通過彼此的經驗快速學習。

Why not do this with mentors? Because the mentors have so far passed this level they are not always able to get into the weeds in the same way as the Equals.

為什麼不是跟導師一起做呢？因為導師已經通過了這一階段，他們通常不能以同等的方式來幫助你解決問題。

MINUS

減法

Explain what you are learning while you are learning it. Two reasons:

當你學習的時候，解釋你在學習什麼。兩個原因:

1) If you can』t explain in a simple way, then you need to learn more. Beginner』s mind.

如果你不能用簡單的方式解釋，那麼你需要更多的學習。初心。

2) People who are behind where you are at in learning the skill will ask basic questions that you often need to rehearse and rehearse and rehearse. Again: beginner』s mind.

學習技能落後於你的人會問你一些基本的問題，這些問題你經常需要反覆練習。重要的事說兩遍：初心。

C) MICRO-SKILLS

C)微技能

Every skill worth learning has dozens of micro-skills:

每一項值得學習的技能都有許多微技能:

For instance, when I started my first successful business I had some natural skills at sales and technology (it was a technology business) but I had to learn so many micro-skills in order to succeed that it felt like I was going to die and fail almost every single day.

例如，當我開始我的第一個成功的企業，我在銷售和技術方面有一些自然的技能(這是一個技術業務)，但我為了成功必須學習很多的微技能，這些訓練讓我感覺每天都學到屁滾尿流。

Here are some business micro-skills:

以下是一些商業微技能:

Sales, Management of employees, Negotiating, Selling to investors, Selling to acquirers, Product development, Product consistency and execution, Motivation, Emotional stability, and on and on.

銷售，員工管理，談判，賣給投資者，賣給收購者，產品開發，產品一致性和執行力，動機，情緒穩定，等等。

All of the skills are exclusive of each other. Negotiating is not the same as Sales. Product development is not the same as management. But each skill needs to be developed to be successful.

所有的技能都是相互排斥的。談判和銷售不一樣。產品開發不同於管理。但是每一項技能都需要學習發展才能成功。

Chess micro-skills: openings, middle game, endgame, tactics, positional play (which can be divided up into about 50 micro-skills, as well as all the different types of endgames), attack, defense, psychology, etc.

象棋微技能:開局、中局、末局、戰術、位置遊戲(可分為約50個微技能，以及所有不同類型的末局)、攻擊、防守、心理等。

(White to move and win. Checkmate in two moves).

(白棋移動並獲勝。兩招將死)。

Standup micro-skills (I think. I hope): likability, commitment, crowd work (20–50 different types of crowds, mic work, pacing, stage control, and finally humor, which includes: punchlines, premises, tags, call backs, story telling, persona, act-outs, etc etc.

單口相聲的微技巧(我想，我希望):可愛度，承諾，群眾工作(20-50種不同類型的群眾，麥克風工作，節奏，舞台控制，最後是幽默，包括:笑點，前提，標籤，回話，講故事，人物，表演，等等。

For whatever you are interested in: list the micro-skills. Figure out what you are good at, what you are bad at, and how you can learn to be better at each.

不管你感興趣的是什麼:列出你的小技能。找出你擅長什麼，你不擅長什麼，以及你怎樣才能在這兩方面都做得更好。

D) FAILURE

D)失敗

Anything worth learning, you』re going to suck. You』re going to suck badly.

任何值得學習的東西，一開始你都會學得很爛、很糟糕。

The first day you play chess: you might love it, you might be talented, you might be confident, but you are a disaster compared to anyone with experience who has studied the game.

第一天下國際象棋:你可能喜歡它，你可能很有天賦，你可能很自信，但與任何有經驗研究過象棋的人相比，你的棋藝就是一個災難。

The same goes for business. For investing. For writing. For acting. For art. For creativity. For everything worth learning.

經商也是如此，寫作也是如此，表演，藝術，創造以及其他一切值得學習的東西都是如此。

And failure is painful.

失敗是痛苦的。

(It took Edison 10,000 attempts before he found the right filament to invent a lightbulb)

(愛迪生嘗試了一萬次才找到合適的燈絲來發明燈泡)

Nobody wants to lose money in poker. Or in investing. Nobody wants to spend months or years writing a book nobody reads.

沒有人想在撲克上輸錢或投資。沒人想花幾個月或幾年的時間寫一本沒人讀的書。

But if you love something, and you want to get to your peak potential, your heart is going to break when you inevitably fail. And you will fail big and horrible and it will be like your brain and heart are torn in half.

但是如果你喜歡某樣東西，並且你想要達到你最大的潛力，當你不可避免地失敗時，你的心就會破碎。你會經歷巨大而可怕的失敗，就像你的大腦和心靈被撕成兩半。

But that』s the good news:

但這是好消息:

Because then you』re uncertified to study the failure. You can go to a PLUS, and your EQUALS, and look at where you went wrong.

因為你沒有資格研究失敗。你可以用加法和等法，看看哪裡出錯了。

You can』t learn as much from succeeding because it』s harder to pinpoint where mistakes are (and it means you are not taking enough chances).

你不能從成功中學到很多，因為很難找出錯誤在哪裡(這意味著你沒有抓住足夠的機會)。

Ray Dalio, the largest hedge fund manager ever, told me on my podcast, 「Pain + Reflection = Progress」.

有史以來最大的對沖基金經理雷?戴利奧(Ray Dalio)在我的播客上告訴我，「痛苦+反思=進步」。

Pain is a must.

痛苦是必須的。

With standup comedy, I always say 「Yes」 to a challenge. Do comedy on a subway car? Yes. Do comedy on a Monday night in a blizzard with the entire audience from Norway? Yes. Go on stage with a 102 fever and my voice completely shot? Yes.

對於單口喜劇，我總是對挑戰說「好」。在地鐵車廂里做喜劇?是的。周一晚上在暴風雪中和挪威的觀眾一起看喜劇嗎?是的。在102度發燒的情況下上台，我的嗓子完全啞了?是的。

Then videotape. Then go over quarter second by quarter second.

然後用錄像帶，一節又一節的錄。

I was speaking to one of the best comedians in the world a few weeks ago. He told me he still videotapes and studies every single time he』s gone on stage. Every year, every month, he』s better than the month before.

幾周前，我和一位世界上最好的喜劇演員交談。他告訴我，每次上台，他都還在錄像和學習。每一年，每個月，他都比前一個月好。

With business, it』s difficult because a business can take years. But try to have mini-failures. Challenge yourself on deadlines, challenge yourself on customer acquisition, on customer service, on micro-execution of product, and on and on.

做生意很困難，因為做生意要花好幾年的時間。但是試著微失敗（精益創業）。在截止日期上挑戰自己，在獲取客戶上挑戰自己，在客戶服務上挑戰自己，在產品的微執行上挑戰自己，等等。

Figure out the ways that you can fail, do them, study them, repeat.

找出失敗的方法，去做，去研究，去重複。

E) ENERGY

E) 精神狀態

This should be the first item. Because it』s the most important.

這應該是第一要素。因為這是最重要的。

Without energy, you can』t learn.

沒有體力，你就無法學習。

If you don』t sleep enough, you』ll be too tired and you won』t learn.

如果你睡眠不足，你會太累，無法學習。

If you』re in a bad relationship, your brain will be distracted and you wont learn.

如果你處在一段糟糕的關係中，你的大腦就會被分散，你就無法學習。

If you don』t exercise your creativity, you won』t be able to combine ideas and learn from 「idea sex」.

如果你不鍛煉你的想像力，就無法結合各種想法，也無法從思想的交匯中得到啟示。

If you are too anxious, you will spend too much mental energy worrying about the future instead of learning in the present.

如果你太焦慮，你會花太多的精力擔心未來，而不是從此刻開始學習。

When I went broke for the fourth or fifth time I finally had to take a look back and say, 「What was I doing right every time I made money?」 and 「What was I doing wrong」. It all boiled down to:

當我第四次或第五次破產時，我最終不得不回過頭來說:「每次我賺錢時，我做得對的是什麼?」和「我做錯了什麼」。這一切可以歸結為:

PHYSICAL HEALTH: Eat / Move / Sleep

身體健康:飲食/運動/睡眠

EMOTIONAL HEALTH: Eliminate ALL of the toxic people in your life.

情緒健康:驅除你生命中所有負能量的人。

CREATIVE HEALTH: Write down ten ideas a day. The ideas can be about anything.

創意健康:每天寫下十個創意。這些想法可以是關於任何事情的。

SPIRITUAL HEALTH: Learn how to deal with anxiety and regret. Release control over the things you have no control over.

精神健康:學習如何處理焦慮和遺憾。釋放你無法控制的事情。

Just these four things gave me so much energy, it probably took another 1000–2000 hours out of the 10,000 hours.

僅僅這四件事就帶給了我這麼多的能量，這大概又幫助我在10000小時中節省了1000-2000個小時（10-20%）。

F) THE ONE PERCENT RULE:

F) 1%規則:

Try to improve 1% a day at whatever it is you are trying to learn.

無論你想學什麼，每天都要努力提高1%。

This seems like a small number. Just one percent!

這看起來雖然只是個小數字。只有百分之一!

But 1% a day, compounded, is 3800% per year.

但是每天1%的複利是每年3800%

That』s 37 times better than where you started in just one year.

這比你剛開始的一年多了37倍。

I had a friend who I always played chess with. He played chess all day every day. But he never read a book on chess or studied with anyone.

我有一個經常和我下棋的朋友。他每天下一整天的棋。但是他從來沒有讀過關於國際象棋的書，也沒有和任何人一起學習過。

He just played the same moves and made the same mistakes game after game. I asked him why he didn』t take the basic steps to improve?

他只是在一場又一場的比賽中做同樣的操作，犯同樣的錯誤。我問他為什麼不採取基本措施來提高?

All you have to do is take basic steps each day to improve as small as 1%.

你所要做的就是每天採取一些基本的步驟來提高哪怕是1%。

He said, 「Ahhh, I just like to play.」 Which is fine.

他說:「啊，我就是喜歡玩啊，這就很好了。」

But he never got better. Chess is much more enjoyable (everything is much more enjoyable) when you get better and when you learn and can appreciate the subtleties and the nuances.

但他從來沒有好起來。當你變得更好的時候，當你學習並能欣賞其中的微妙之處時，國際象棋才會變得更有趣(別的事也一樣)。

Everything is an art form. The greatest artists have a vocabulary of 100,000s of patterns in their chosen field.

一切都是藝術形式。最偉大的藝術家在他們選擇的領域有10萬多種模式。

「Speaking」 that vocabulary is pleasurable

「說」那些辭彙是令人愉快的

because you can enjoy the art form more，you can succeed more easily, you get acclamation for your success, you make friends with others who are also successful because you speak their language- but it requires every day learning new "words" in your art form.

因為你可以享受藝術形式帶來的更多好處,你可以更容易獲得成功,為你的成功喝彩,你和其他人交朋友也會成功的,因為你在用他們的方式說話,但它需要每天學習新的「單詞」在你的藝術形式里。

Studying how Warren Buffet invests. Or how Bobby Fischer plays the Kings Indian. Or how Richard Pryor brought his authentic voice into his comedy. Or how Richard Branson can build and manage 400 businesses.

研究沃倫·巴菲特如何投資。或者鮑比·費舍爾（國際象棋大師）如何施展印度流。或者理查德·普賴爾如何將他真實的聲音融入到喜劇中。或者理查德·布蘭森（維珍Virgin創始人）如何建立和管理400家企業。

Or challenging yourself to fail a little bit each day to expand your comfort zone.

或者每天挑戰自己去嘗試一點點失敗，來擴大你的舒適區。

One percent a day=3800 percent a year.

每天1% =一年3800%。

G) DO IT

G) 去做

You cant get better at chess just by reading about it. You have to play. Then you have to play in high stress situations (like a tournament)

光靠閱讀象棋知識，你是學不好的。你得上手去玩。然後你必須參加一些高水平的比賽(如錦標賽)

You cant get to be the best at business just by reading about Richard Branson. You have to start a business (or work for a startup or even work for a big business and notice their small successes and failures)

僅僅通過閱讀理查德?布蘭森(Virgin創始人)的故事，你不可能成為商界的佼佼者。你必須開始創業(或者為一家初創公司工作，甚至為一家大公司工作，注意他們的小成功和小失敗)

You cant get to be great at comedy by watching videos. You have to go on stage Every day.

你不可能通過看視頻變得擅長喜劇。你必須每天去舞台上表演。

Every day.

每天。

Summary:

總結

1. PLUS, MINUS, EQUAL

加法，減法，等法

2. MICRO-SKILLS

微技巧

3. FAILURE (Pain +Reflection=Progress)

失敗（痛苦+反思=進步」）

4. ENERGY (Physical, Emotional, Creative) Spiritual health every day

精神狀態 (體力、情感、創造力) 每天精神健康

5. ONE PERCENT RULE

1%法則

6. DO IT (every day)

去做

7. USE THE ABOVE TO HACK THE 10,000 HOURS RULE (10,000 hours of deliberate practice gets you to your full potential).

利用以上方法來破解10，000小時法則(10，000小時的刻意練習能讓你充分發揮自己的潛力)。

（關愛高中生，請關注我的公眾號：黑叔叔高招頻道）

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