隨著越來越多投資者逐漸參與到美股市場。除去常見的美股,京東(JD)特斯拉(TSLA),阿里巴巴(BABA)開始有更多的投資人準備深入參與到

ETF的投資以及交易上,隨著ETF/ETN 的投資理念逐漸為投資者所接受,投資者也需要更為深度的框架進行系統性的學習。D君近期同樣和各大機構開始緊密合作,準備打磨出更多深度大課以及策略講解,敬請關注。

Dorian君也將針對A股、港股、美股、期權、期貨、ETF、外匯等投資工具做出更多專題。作為深度的交易員、投資者,除了option/futures/fx之外,也應當認識ETF。投資者可通過購買不同的ETF,做多/做空不同的領域。通過ETF本身的分散投資進一步將您個人的資產組合風險再分散(further diversify)在狩獵黑天鵝事件時,也可以巧妙運用高流動性的ETF的近期虛值期權(OTM)來做低成本,高潛在收益的交易策略。對於期權老鳥,也可以利用ETF本身的結構,挑選便宜的ETF期權進行褥羊毛套利。那麼到底什麼是ETF?哪些屬於常見的ETF(代碼)?我們應當如何交易ETF?

ETF的結構tstructure是什麼?

作為一種便捷的指數化投資和資產配置工具,交易所交易基金(ETF)被譽為20世紀最重要的金融創新產品之一。與傳統的開放式基金相比,ETF以其省錢、省心、省時、省事、省力的特點,甫一推出便受到市場的廣泛歡迎。從2004年底我國首隻ETF產品問世以來,ETF市場取得了快速發展。但與國外成熟資本市場相比,我國市場以中小投資者居多,指數化投資理念相對淡薄,投資者對ETF產品的認知度仍然不高,長期持有人數偏少,實踐中對ETF的操作和運作機制不熟悉。鑒於此,近期我們將陸續發布一組ETF產品的投教類文章,希望為投資者瞭解ETF提供一些借鑒。什麼是ETF?簡單來說,就是可以像股票一樣交易的基金。很多的ETF都足夠分散(diversified)而且其ETF本身持有不同題材裏各類的股票。比如說你看漲原油,想做多原油,但不知道買入哪隻個股,你可以買入USO。如果你看漲新能源行業,你可以做多鋰電池類的ETF,你可以買入LIT。USO 和LIT 本身都持有一籃子的原油、鋰電池新能源類股票。因此省去了投資者精選個股的麻煩。有時候你看對,原油和新能源行業的確如火如荼,結果你選的個股沒有任何漲幅,這些都可以通過ETF的配置解決。

交易所交易基金(ETF)為廣大投資者提供了一個渠道──以低成本獲取通常只有機構纔有實力構建的投資組合。用便宜的價格,購買基金經理的投資組合,並且交易,這在以前的市場環境是不可想像的。

我們可以從熟悉的東西開始說起,例如傳統的共同基金:假設有六個投資者試圖找出投資股市的最佳方式。他們可以各自買一些股票,但是誰有時間和資源去管理一個包含50或100隻股票的投資組合呢?於是,他們把所有的錢都彙集到一起,聘請一個專業的投資經理為他們管理這筆資金。為了便於追蹤各自的投資情況,每個投資者都獲得了相應的「股份」來代表他們在總投資中所佔有的份額。作為投資者,我們希望知道自己的投資組合每日價值多少。共同基金每日會計算出全部資產的價值,併除以總份額數,就能得到每份基金份額的價值。因此,如果投資者想買更多的份額,可以清楚地知道需要支付的金額;如果投資者想賣掉手中的份額,也能明確知道可以拿到多少現金。共同基金的運作模式很巧妙,已經存在了近一百年,目前其投資標的包括股票、債券、商品和其他資產等。ETF的運作方式這篇文章的重點不是共同基金,而是ETF。ETF是什麼?它也是共同基金的一種。它是一個可以為市場內特定標的提供多樣化風險敞口的投資工具。它的投資標的可以是股票、債券、商品、外匯、期權和混合資產。投資者所持有的份額代表了他們在ETF資產裏佔有的部分。除了ETF的名字中顯示的「交易所交易」這個特點以外,它幾乎就是共同基金。交易所交易

投資者可以直接從經紀賬戶購買ETF。就像交易股票一樣,投資者可以通過在Schwab或者Fidelity賬戶裏下單的方式來購買想要的ETF。

共同基金每天只能(休市後)交易一次,而ETF可以在市場開放的任意時間交易,並支持當天多次買進賣出。像股票一樣,投資者還可以使用ETF執行各種共同基金無法執行的策略:賣空、止損、限價指令和保證金購買。交易所交易的特點給投資者帶來的便利還遠不止於此。根據市場觀察者的說法,相較於傳統的共同基金,ETF具有成本更低以及稅收優惠等優勢。當然,ETF也有一些劣勢:傭金、買賣價差等。總而言之,ETF是一個通過簡單傳統的投資方式和較低的費率,為投資者提供廣泛投資標的(例如英國股票、中國高科技股、高收益率債券、現貨黃金等等)的投資工具。ETF很像共同基金,或者說是升級版的共同基金。交易所交易基金(ETF):有和共同基金一樣的結構。並且像股票一樣在交易所掛牌交易。交易時間內隨時交易、做空和以保證金購買等,相比傳統的共同基金成本更低、具有稅收優勢下文我們梳理了交易者/投資者最常交易、投資,流動性最好的ETF下圖為前15市值最大的ETFTop 15 Volume Leaders

SPY SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (標普)

EEM iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF (新興市場)

XLF Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund (金融股)

TVIX VelocityShares Daily 2x VIX Short-Term ETN(做空波動性指數、恐慌指數)

QQQ PowerShares QQQ Trust(納斯達克)

GDX VanEck Vectors Gold Miners ETF(金礦股)

VXX iPath S&P 500 VIX Short-Term Futures ETN(做多恐慌指數近期期貨,已退市)

UVXY ProShares Ultra VIX Short-Term Futures ETF(槓桿做空近期VIX期貨)

FXI iShares China Large-Cap ETF(中國大藍籌ETF)

EFA iShares MSCI EAFE ETF (歐洲、澳洲以及遠東ETF)

AMLP Alerian MLP ETF(能源基建類ETF)

IWM iShares Russell 2000 ETF (羅素2000ETF)

SQQQ ProShares UltraPro Short QQQ(空納指)

USO United States Oil Fund LP(原油類)

XOP SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production ETF(天然氣原油勘探&生產ETF)

前15大以美元計價的ETF

Top 15 Dollar-Volume LeadersSPY SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust28,026,952,673

QQQ PowerShares QQQ Trust

IWM iShares Russell 2000 ETF

EEM iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF

XLF Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund

EFA iShares MSCI EAFE ETF

VXX iPath S&P 500 VIX Short-Term Futures ETN

DIA SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Trust (道瓊斯指數)

FXI iShares China Large-Cap ETF

IVV iShares Core S&P 500 ETF(標普權重股)

HYG iShares iBoxx $ High Yield Corporate Bond ETF(高收益企業債券ETF)

XLK Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund(科技類)

TQQQ ProShares UltraPro QQQ 三倍做多納斯達克

XLE Energy Select Sector SPDR Fund能源類

XLI Industrial Select Sector SPDR Fund工業類

Exchange traded funds (ETFs) recently hit a very important milestone: as of the time of writing, ETFs now hold more than $3 trillion in investor assets. Investors – both large and small – continue to embrace the fund type as a way to build out their portfolios. And there』s plenty to like about them.交易所交易基金(ETF)最近達到了一個非常重要的里程碑:截至撰寫本文時,ETF現在擁有超過3萬億美元的投資資產。大型和小型投資者繼續將基金類型作為構建其投資組合的一種方式。而且他們有很多喜歡它們。However, calling them a 「fund type」 is a tad bit misleading.然而,稱他們為「基金類型」有點誤導。The truth is, there is more than one fund type that makes up the world of ETFs, and most investors are blissfully unaware of the structure used by their respective ETF holdings.事實上,構成ETF世界的基金類型不止一種,大多數投資者都不知道各自ETF持有的結構。That』s a slight problem. While ETFs』 creation/redemption mechanism is the same, a number of different outcomes for various items can result depending on what structure an ETF uses – from taxes to how dividends are treated. Even when two ETFs are tracking a similar asset class or sector, structure matters.

這是一個小問題。雖然ETF的創建/贖回機制是相同的,但是根據ETF使用的結構 - 從稅收到如何處理股息,可以產生各種項目的許多不同結果。即使兩個ETF跟蹤類似的資產類別或部門,結構也很重要。

Luckily, here at ETFdb, we』ve broken down the most common ETF structures and what they might mean in regards to your bottom line.幸運的是,在ETFdb,我們已經分解了最常見的ETF結構以及它們對您的資本可能意味著什麼。Open End Funds開放式基金The vast bulk of ETFs fall under the banner of open end funds. Created by the Investment Company Act of 1940 – and having protection under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 – open end funds are what we traditionally think of when talking about mutual funds.大量ETF屬於開放式基金的旗幟。根據1940年「投資公司法」 - 並根據1933年「證券法」和1934年「證券交易法」獲得保護 - 開放式基金是我們在談論共同基金時傳統上的想法。Open end funds are basically regulated investment companies that meet certain Internal Revenue Service standards when it comes to taxes. As pass-through entities』 income and capital gains are distributed to shareholders and taxed at the shareholder level, the ETF itself doesn』t pay taxes. Another major point of open end funds is that dividend and interest received from the fund』s holdings can be immediately reinvested. Derivatives, portfolio sampling, and securities lending can be utilized in an open end fund』s portfolio.開放式基金基本上是受監管的投資公司,在稅收方面符合某些國稅局的標準。由於傳遞實體的收入和資本收益分配給股東並在股東層面徵稅,ETF本身不納稅。開放式基金的另一個主要觀點是,基金持有的股息和利息可以立即再投資。衍生品,投資組合抽樣和證券借貸可用於開放式基金的投資組合。Unit Investment Trusts (UIT)單位投資信託基金(UIT)Some of the first ETFs on the marketplace – the PowerShares QQQ Trust (QQQ A-), and the S&P 500 SPDR(SPY A) – are structured as unit investment trusts (UIT). Like open end funds, UITs fall under the banner of the Investment Company Act of 1940. However, there are several differences between the two. Much of that difference comes down to the fact that UITs do not have boards of directors or investment advisers; they represent static investment portfolios, which are great for transparency and low costs. You know exactly what you are getting – which is the reason why UITs were selected by early ETF issuers in the first place.市場上的一些首批ETF - PowerShares QQQ Trust(QQQ A-)和標準普爾500 SPDR(SPY A) - 構成單位投資信託(UIT)。與開放式基金一樣,UIT屬於1940年「投資公司法」的旗幟。但是,兩者之間存在一些差異。大部分差異歸結於UIT沒有董事會或投資顧問;它們代表靜態投資組合,非常適合透明度和低成本。您確切知道自己獲得了什麼 - 這就是為什麼UIT首先被早期ETF發行人選中的原因。However, the disadvantages come down to dividends. Unlike open end funds, UIT dividends are not allowed to be reinvested, which means the fund just holds them as cash. That can create a 「cash drag」 during rising markets. Additionally, securities lending and derivatives are not able to be used by UITs. That can cause UITs to underperform open end versions of the same fund, albeit slightly. Technically, UITs have a dedicated end date.然而,缺點歸結為紅利。與開放式基金不同,UIT股息不允許再投資,這意味著基金只是將其作為現金持有。這可能會在市場上漲期間造成「現金拖累」。此外,UIT不能使用證券借貸和衍生品。這可能導致UIT表現不及同一基金的開放式版本,儘管略有下降。從技術上講,UIT有一個專門的結束日期。Grantor Trusts授予人信託Typically, ETFs that physically hold an asset are structured as grantor trusts. Often, these assets are either precious metals or currencies. The popular iShares Silver Trust (SLV C+) or CurrencyShares Euro Trust (FXEA) are structured as grantor trusts, since they hold silver bullion and euros in a vault on behalf of investors. The key word here is 「behalf」: investors in grantor trusts are direct shareholders of the underlying assets, rather than the fund owning them. As a result, investors are taxed as if they directly own the gold or currency. In the case of these two asset classes, that means paying capital gains are currently taxed at a hybrid rate of 60% long-term and 40% short-term gains.通常,實際持有資產的ETF構成為設保人信託。通常,這些資產是貴金屬或貨幣。受歡迎的iShares Silver Trust(SLV C +)或CurrencyShares Euro Trust(FXEA)的結構為設保人信託,因為他們代表投資者在金庫中持有銀條和歐元。這裡的關鍵詞是「代表」:設保人信託的投資者是相關資產的直接股東,而不是擁有它們的基金。因此,投資者被徵稅,就好像他們直接擁有黃金或貨幣一樣。就這兩種資產類別而言,這意味著支付資本收益目前的稅率為60%的長期和40%的短期收益。Limited Partnerships (LPs)有限合夥人Similar to grantor trusts, ETFs structured as limited partnerships (LPs) generally focus on commodities. But instead of physically holding gold, they use futures contracts or other derivatives to meet their mandates. When it comes to taxes, partnerships are essentially pass-through entities that avoid double taxation at both the fund and the investor level. The income, as well as realized gains and losses, from a partnership ETF flow through directly to investors, who then pay the tax on their share of partnership. The issue here is that investors may owe taxes on the LP even if they have a loss on the shares, based on the underlying investment gains inside the fund. These gains and losses will be spelled out on a K-1 statement – not a 1099 form – come tax time. Early filers will need to wait, since K-1s arrive at the beginning of March.與設保人信託相似,以有限合夥(LP)結構的ETF通常關注商品。但他們不是實際持有黃金,而是使用期貨合約或其他衍生品來履行其職責。在稅收方面,合夥企業基本上是傳遞實體,避免在基金和投資者層面進行雙重徵稅。合夥ETF的收入以及已實現的收益和損失直接流向投資者,然後投資者按其合夥份額繳納稅款。這裡的問題是投資者可能欠LP的稅,即使他們在股票虧損的基礎上,基於基金內部的基礎投資收益。這些收益和損失將在K-1聲明中列出 - 而不是1099表格 - 來納稅時間。早期的申報者需要等待,因為K-1將在3月初到達。Exchange Traded Notes (ETNs)交易所交易票據(ETN)Exchange-traded notes (ETNs) are kind of a weird bird when it comes to ETFs: ETNs are really bonds in disguise. They are forward contracts that promise to pay investors the return of an index or asset class at a later date. Investors buying an ETN become unsecured creditors of the issuing bank and need to realize that ETNs come with credit risk. Meaning that if the issuer files for bankruptcy, investors in an ETN will need to wait in the bankruptcy line to get their investment back.交易所交易票據(ETN)在ETF中是一種奇怪的品種:ETN實際上是偽裝的債券(corporate debt)。它們是遠期合約,承諾在以後向投資者支付指數或資產類別的回報。購買ETN的投資者成為開證行的無擔保債權人,需要意識到ETN存在信用風險(credit risk)。這意味著如果發行人申請破產,ETN的投資者將需要在破產線中等待他們的投資回來。They were originally created as a way to access hard to reach asset classes – master limited partnerships, currencies, and emerging market stocks – since ETNs don』t actually own anything. They just track the underlying index』s returns with the idea of providing that return to investors. ETNs will have a set closing date and will liquidate when it reaches that point.它們最初被創建為一種獲取難以達到的資產類別的方式 - 掌握有限合夥企業,貨幣和新興市場股票 - 因為ETN實際上並不擁有任何東西。他們只是跟蹤基礎指數的回報,並提出向投資者提供回報的想法。 ETN將有一個設定的截止日期,並在到達該點時清算。C Corporations C公司的最大特點在於其股票可以上市交易。這就表明C公司具有擴大規模成為像蘋果,微軟那樣的國際型公司的潛力。因為股票IPO上市是目前最方便的融資手段。IPO上市可以讓公司在較短的時間籌集大量的資本用於生產和銷售規模的擴張。但是C公司的最大劣勢在於之前提到的雙重賦稅的問題,也就是說,C公司本身需要以公司身份報稅,並且,公司成員在獲得公司分配的利潤之後還需要再次以個人名義報稅。因此,同樣的一筆收入被兩次徵稅。並且,目前很多州對於C公司都有最低繳稅的要求。另外,C公司還需要按照州和聯邦商法的規定進行一些例行公事,比如定期的董事會開會,正式的投票等等。不要小看這些例行公事,因為要召集董事開會對於擁有眾多董事的公司而言並非易事並且需要大量的金錢開銷和時間。In recent years, several ETFs have elected to be taxed as C corporations (C corps). A C corp is basically any corporation that is taxed separately from its owners. Really, 99% of all the stocks traded are C corps. In terms of ETFs, the structure is being used as a way to provide access to master limited partnerships (MLPs) and other special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Current regulations prevent open end funds and UITs from holding more than 25% of their portfolios in MLPs. By registering as C corps, ETFs can get around the regulation and hold the asset class.近年來,一些ETF選擇作為C公司(C軍團)徵稅。 C公司基本上是與其所有者分開徵稅的任何公司。實際上,所有交易的股票中有99%是C軍團。就ETF而言,該結構被用作提供對有限合夥企業(MLP)和其他特殊目的工具(SPV)的訪問的一種方式。目前的法規禁止開放式基金和UIT在MLP中持有超過25%的投資組合。通過註冊為C隊,ETF可以繞過監管並持有資產類別。The problem here is that ETFs that use this structure are taxed as corporations. This means the fund will pay taxes, then investors will pay taxes on dividends and gains.這裡的問題是使用這種結構的ETF作為公司徵稅。這意味著基金將納稅,然後投資者將分紅和收益納稅。Exchange-Traded Managed Funds (ETMFs)交易所交易管理基金(ETMF)The latest innovation and fund structure is what』s called exchange-traded managed funds. ETMFs seek to combine the active appeal of regular mutual funds with the intraday tradability of all the other ETFstructures. ETMFs are not required to disclose their holdings daily, like regular ETFs, but quarterly, like mutual funds. Also similar to mutual funds, the ETMFs will true-up their net asset value (NAVs) at the day』s end. Without knowing the NAV, quotes for ETMFs are priced at amounts over or under the potential NAVbased on supply and demand, so investors could pay more or less than NAV depending on demand.最新的創新和基金結構就是所謂的交易所交易管理基金。 ETMF尋求將常規共同基金的積極吸引力與所有其他ETF結構的日內交易相結合。 ETMF不需要像普通ETF那樣每天披露其持股,而是像共同基金那樣按季度披露。與共同基金類似,ETMF將在當天結束其凈資產價值(NAV)。在不瞭解資產凈值的情況下,ETMF的報價定價為基於供需的潛在資產凈值或低於其的金額,因此投資者可根據需求支付比資產凈值更多或更少的資金。As for taxes, ETMFs should function like regular open end ETFs. However, with the product being so new, the tax situation is really unknown.至於稅收,ETMF應該像常規的開放式ETF一樣運作。然而,由於產品如此新穎,稅務情況確實未知。加入Dorian君的見識圈(199/年,獲得超多深度文章以及交易乾貨):


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