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某985高校，大學英語語法課筆記，希望對你有幫助：
詞的性質 ：
countability可數性（從形式和實質來分析:
My mother cooked eggs for me.這裡的egg是粉碎的egg，所以形式上不可數。steelworks鋼廠; one steelworks this is a crossroads這是一個十字路口, one dice一個骰子.
the dice is cast骰子出結果了 eggs-good or bad for health.「eat only the whites, throw away the yellow.」只吃那些白色的，扔掉黃色的。（這裡whites為什用複數，說不清楚。）attention（cn）注意力，照顧 , office （un）掌權（cn）工作間. nouns所有可以加冠詞的就是名詞. Interpreting口譯 interpretation解釋（有些ing形式不是動名詞，而是單獨的辭彙）; proper nouns專有名詞,nationality國籍 nation國家，政府 country國家，accommodation房屋 accommodations和解，（Japan abounds in accommodations, both Japanese and Western culture.） table manners餐桌禮儀 每個人都有manner（舉止，行為）;after hours≈ after working hours office hours工作時間（複數）lunch hour午餐時間 they did it for kicks（for kicks 為了作樂） in bad shape today今天狀態不好have carrots有胡蘿蔔（這種物質，而不是含有胡蘿蔔）no carrot in it沒有胡蘿蔔（原料）在裡面.experience 經驗（have much experience） experiences經歷（一次痛苦的感情經歷）.paper（紙張這種材料）papers（文件或者試卷） talk訪談 talks 談話，一次談話.lamb羔羊肉 lambs羊羔 he grew a beard/moustache/whisker 他留了鬍鬚，大鬍子和腮幫子; assess damage評估損害 assess the damage評估這次的損害 assess the damages; wages≈salary wages月薪，周薪（通常黑人用，因為有很多個周，所以通常是複數）salary年薪（通常白人用）; he have a sad brow she wiped her brow she arched/raises/knitted her brows. the books show the company is in bad shape這些賬目顯示這個公司經營不善
常見不規則變化：
nucleus nuclei（原子核） stimulus stimuli（刺激物，促進因素） phylum phyla（語群，生物種群）radius radii半徑 opus opera（作曲，歌劇）alumnus alumni女校友 alumna alumnae校友 bureau-bureaus局 衣櫃 datum-data（數據）die-dice骰子;the best brains最聰明的人 have a good brain有一個聰明的頭腦have the guts to do （有勇氣去做）have the pain身體的疼痛 （pains 指的是肉體的痛苦） go through the pains經歷痛苦的過程（pains更多指抽象的痛苦）交通銀行bank of communications（複數表示交通） his writings i cant read doctors writings我不能認出醫生的手稿 to give him his due給他報復 give him his dues給他報酬 dues≈fees thanks≈congratulations感謝和祝福都是讀複數 Christmas greetings≈apologiesa letter of condolences一封安慰信 My regrets這些情感都是用複數
Summation plurals:
It is only plural form, because it combine several same parts in itself. For example,
Bellows,
tweesers
Binoculars
glasses
Pincers
spectacles
Pliers
pants
Scales
trousers
Pluralial tantum:it only have the plural form
ages
bowels
fireworks
looks
amends
brains
funds
manners
annals
clothes
goods
outskirts
archives
contents
guts
pains
arms
customs
heads/tails
premises
arrears
colours
holidays
quarters
ashes
dregs
earnings
letters
savings
banns
entrails
lodgings
surroundings
Verb:
Transitive and intransitive;Monotransitive and ditransitive
Intransitive and obligatory adjunct:
Live lie;Sit; Stand;Photograph;Look;behave. He thinks(he thinks a lot).
Ambitransitive:
I broke the window.;The window broke.The window was broken.
Conative:
The horse kicked me.(The horse kicked at me.)
Intransitives and cognate objects:
He died a heroic death. She was thinking uncharitable thoughts.
Dynamic and stative verbs:
Dynamic verbs are also called action verbs, capable of being used in the progressive. Stative verbs are also called state verbs, incapable of progressive use.
Stative or dynamic:
Some words can be both stative and dynamic in different situation. e.g:
She has a baby.She is having a baby. He is having a bath.
The wine tastes good.I am tasting the wine.
Regular vs. Temporary:
He is nice./He is just being nice.
What do you want?/?What are you wanting?/What were you wanting in the past?
Summation nouns:
Bellows
tweesers
Binoculars
glasses
Pincers
spectacles
Pliers
pants
Scales
trousers
Scissors
shorts
Shears
tights
tongs
But :A trouser press ;A scissor kick.
Compromise：
有一點：kind of sort of Quite Rather Enough Sufficiently more or less
you are quite right（you are very quite. or you are right in your own way.）
his answer is not quite right. Diminisher Mildly溫和地 Moderately slightly
somewhat（考試考察是否有遺漏其中的信息）Approximate adverbs and attitudes：she is（）tall Fairly Rather pretty。
it is pretty well impossible to convince him.（pretty well ＝ almost）。
focus:（exclusiveness）單獨，只有： Alone Purely Only simply
Focusing： Johe （only） phone Mary today. John only （phone） Mary today.
especially＝ very specially＝（choose one sight.）
Badly I need it badly.我非常需要它。 I like him deeply.? he wounded her badly（physical）
he wounded her deeply（mentally）
completely（not for dynamic word） style disjunct形式連詞 Frankly, .... honestly....
Adjectives:
1) attributive
This boring class drives people mad.
2) predicative
This class is boring.
3) attributive only
He always wears a wooden expression.
4) predicative only
He was afraid to do it.
Attributive定語:
only or non-inherent外在屬性 a wooden face: sad face or face made of wood
A big fool: big not big size, so non-inherent（外在屬性的形容詞通常是前置形容詞） My poor boy: poor isn』t no money 我可憐的孩子 My dear lady: dear means sb I love A good father: good is not like good in good, so it is non-inherent The wretched woman: wretched not means she is devil（這個可惡的女人）.
Inherent and dynamic內在形容詞通常是動態形容詞嗎？: inherent=dynamic(in most case)He is wooden.(inherent=dynamic) He is being wooden(inherent is not dynamic) America Studies(research) centre A studying(learning) center. Corner table(a kind of table or the table in the corner).
A chair with arms= an armchair Decay of teeth= tooth decay a shoe factory A career girl An arts degree.
Attributive only:
In general, adjectives that are restricted to attributive positions do not characterize the referent of the noun directly.
Denominal ( attributive only):
A polar bear
a black bear
A criminal law
A medical school
An atomic scientist
生詞搭配：
Stiff liquor(liquor with extreme taste)烈酒 Flat beer(no gas in the beer)溫和地啤酒 Rancid meat腐肉 fizzy drink汽水 Stale bread硬麵包 Sour milk(milk with sour taste)已經酸了的奶；
Stiff smile(unnatural smile)僵硬的笑容 Stiff English(talking without elegance in English)；
Meat raw(without cooking) Meat rare(cooking a bit) Medium rare(cooked)
denomination:
只能用於定語的形容詞;
A criminal law(a crime law); A physical department( a chemical department) A physical scientist(a physics scientists) A chemical department ;A chemical scientist Inherent and non-inherent can』t be linked with :The tall and corporate lawyer ( the tall corporate layer) A nice and chemical teacher ( a nice chemical teacher) Inherent and non-inherent can』t be linked with 「and」
Non-gradable:
intensifiers An absolute hero一個徹底的英雄 A complete fool一個徹底的白痴 Pure nonsense An utter folly徹底的愚蠢行為 A perfect idiot
Non-gradable and attributive only:
A logical fallacy
A provincial governor
A criminal lawyer
A constitutional amendment
Dramatic criticism
Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman』s classification:
those adjectives that show the reference of the head noun has already been determined:
Those adjectives that show us the importance or rank of the head noun:
Those adjectives that show the head noun is recognized by law or custom:
Those adjectives that identify the reference of the noun itself – that is, they, tell us (in part) what the noun means – and they may not occur after the copula be.
those adjectives that qualify the time reference of the noun.
Those adjectives that qualify the geographical reference of the noun:
Those adjectives that intensify or emphasize the head noun:
Those adjectives that show the uniqueness of the head noun:
Differences in meaning（形容詞前置和後置意思不一樣）：
The stolen jewels( a characteristic of the jewels) The jewels stolen( a certain jewels) The concerned(worried) doctor The doctor concerned(responsible) This elect(specially chosen) body The president elect(who has been elected) Post-attributive: a-(afloat, ablaze) Present(who are here) company(people) were included. A_type are predicative Stative#dynamic Be quiet. ?Be tall.
E.g:
-The concerned (= worried) doctor rang for an ambulance.
-The doctor concerned (= responsible) is on holiday.
-This elect (= specially chosen) body meets once a year.
-The president elect (= who has been elected) takes over in May.
-It was a very involved (= complicated) explanation.
-The boy involved (= connected with this) has left.
Noun modifiers名詞作為形容詞:India paper or Indian paper. India paper is a type of paper.;
Chinese tea.(China tea?)Well-featured face(face with good position) Big-featured face很有特點的面容(big eyes, big mouth etc.) ;
Nose：l A brandy nose 酒糟鼻;
Go slowly(physical slow)慢點走 Go slow(metaphysical slow)放慢節奏或者進度
Inherent or non-inherent:
Soldiers normally timid don』t fight well.
Normally timid soldiers don』t fight well
A man usually honest will sometimes cheat.
A usually honest man will sometimes cheat.
Stative vs. Dynamic:
Two ways to tell them apart:1) imperative ;Be quiet.?Be tall.
2) progressive;He is being humorous.?He is being tall.
Overtones with Progressive:
The professor always types his own letter.
The professor is always typing his own letter.
?John comes.
John always comes.
John is always coming.
The Arrow and the Song :
找到證據才能說明這是和友誼有關 verbs transitive@intransitive 及物動詞和不及物動詞 monotransitive @ distransitive 單及物動詞和多及物動詞 agree（with him. to what he said . on the price. to leave at once. 也可以作為及物動詞 agree that. 加從句） want （a book. to do. 也可以作為不及物動詞 want for nothing） . want manner（他欠缺禮節） 常用的辭彙裡面有很多是及物動詞和不及物動詞都互換的，I like it（it doesnt mean any object） avenge（his death by burning燒毀村子來複仇）（themselves）（他們自己報仇） 類似的有:carry himself badly.（自己不約束自己行為） behave himself badly. （seat. carry. behave. 這裡後面都不是及物動詞，儘管後面接了名詞） ingratiate with the boss. 巴結老闆 avail of every chance利用好每個機會 pride oneself on sth. intransitive and obligatory adjunct 不及物動詞和強制性附屬（比如這些詞語都要接賓語live lie. sit. stand. photograph. look. behave. ） he thinks a lot.（?he thinks） he eats a lot（?he eats.）還有dine 等詞語，都要有副詞才能更清楚。 另外的升級版本是（teach. study. he teaches a lot. he teaches at a University. 這兩種說法都是合理的。） motion（高速動詞）（walk. run. bolt. whisker.） ambitransitive（模糊及物動詞）（break. I broke the window.我打碎了玻璃 the window broke. 這玻璃碎了 the window was broken這玻璃被打碎了.）
he succeeded in the attempt. he succeeded his fathers death to the throne（因此這裡in代表succeeded不同的意義。）semantic of ambitransitive he sings 他能夠唱歌he sings American song他唱美國歌曲。 he pays. 他負責支付he pays the debt.他償還債務。（一個是抽象的概念，一個是具體的概念。） he drinks這裡指他喝酒 he drinks tea他會喝茶 he understands他很理解人，he understands you他理解你。 he wins.他贏了（是他贏了，而不是其他人，這裡是抽象的） he wins the match. the cake cuts easily.（這裡easily形容的是動詞） the cake tastes sweet.（這裡sweet形容的是蛋糕）從意義來思考。 conative意志，意動詞（在加at的時候辭彙及物性發生變化）the horse kicks me.馬蹄了我（he horse kicks at me.馬踢向我，可能沒踢到） shoot me 射我（shoot at me）射向我 at影響了辭彙是不是執行了，是不是一個指向性動作，或者是已經實施了的動作。 he sips the wine.
he sips at the wine.（這兩個句子的意思基本一樣，很難說sip但是miss） 同樣的 he nibble the biscuit. （he nibbled at the biscuit）他一點一點的咬餅乾。兩個句子意思一樣。
Address form:
Francis Russell, the Earl of Bedford can be called Lord Bedford,
Sir William Cecil, Baron Burghley, can be called Sir William or / Lord Burghley
the Lord Treasurer can be called My Lord Treasurer. (sir 只是和本人有關，所以和名字有關，而lady和lord和 家族有關，所有應該用家族的姓氏）
Margaret Douglas, the Countess of Lennox can be called Lady Lennox,
Jane, the Baroness Lumley is a barons wife. Her maiden name was Fitzalan. She can be called Lady Lumley but not Lady Fitzalan.
Lady" with the surname of the husband only, Sir John and Lady Smith
Sir Thomas Jermyns wife Catherine, can be called Catherine Lady Jermyn, or Lady Jermyn （這個和中國一樣，lady和丈夫的姓氏連用）
Lady as a courtesy title：Courtesy titles are used only with Christian names, never with surnames. Lady Margaret Russell should be called Lady Margaret.
Gender:
Buck
doe
Bull
cow
Cock
hen
Dog
bitch
Gander
goose
Lion
lioness
Stallion
mare
tiger
tigress
Jew
Jewess
Heir
Heiress
Manager
Manageress
Poet
Poetess
Shepherd
Shepherdess
Benefactor
Benefactress
Hunter
Huntress
Negro
Negress
Emperor
Empress
Traitor
Traitress
Prince
Princess
Mayor
Mayoress
Actor
Actress
Host
Hostress
with or without prep:
he roamed the woods. （he roamed in the woods）在森林裡面閑逛（意思一樣） he climbed the tree. 他爬樹he climbed up the tree.他爬上了樹 he climbed down the tree.
he met dean. 他遇見了院長 he met with dean. 他回見了院長（之前有安排）he met up with dean.他邂逅了院長（非常隨意的遇見。）
talk politics all time. 他總是很理智地說話 talk about politics all time.他總是討論政治。（politic 明智的，講策略的） he was dripping blood.（他在滴血） he was dripping with blood.（他在滴血，可能不是他的.） talk shop（討論自己的職業） talk about the shop（討論某個商店。） shout at him. （對他咆哮） shout to him（大聲說話讓對方聽到） throw a glass to him（他把杯子扔給他） throw a glass at him（他用杯子扔他） smile at him和smile to him是一樣的。
he smiled a sweet smile. （他用一個笑容） he smiled. he grinned his appreciation.（他滿足的笑了） she doesnt frighten easily.（她不是輕易被恐嚇的） she isnt frightened by noise in dark. （但是這兩句不能合在一起。） a developing country. an interesting.
semantic of ambitransitive:
he sings 他能夠唱歌he sings American song他唱美國歌曲。 he pays. 他負責支付he pays the debt.他償還債務。（一個是抽象的概念，一個是具體的概念。） he drinks這裡指他喝酒 he drinks tea他會喝茶 he understands他很理解人，he understands you他理解你。 he wins.他贏了（是他贏了，而不是其他人，這裡是抽象的） he wins the match. the cake cuts easily.（這裡easily形容的是動詞） the cake tastes sweet.（這裡sweet形容的是蛋糕）從意義來思考。 conative意志，意動詞（在加at的時候辭彙及物性發生變化）the horse kicks me.馬蹄了我（he horse kicks at me.馬踢向我，可能沒踢到） shoot me 射我（shoot at me）射向我 at影響了辭彙是不是執行了，是不是一個指向性動作，或者是已經實施了的動作。 he sips the wine.
Attributive only=denomination:
he sips at the wine.（這兩個句子的意思基本一樣，很難說sip但是miss） 同樣的 he nibble the biscuit. （he nibbled at the biscuit）他一點一點的咬餅乾。兩個句子意思一樣。he smiled a sweet smile. （他用一個笑容） he smiled. he grinned his appreciation.（他滿足的笑了） she doesnt frighten easily.（她不是輕易被恐嚇的） she isnt frightened by noise in dark. （但是這兩句不能合在一起。） a developing country. an interesting. a developed country. （這裡的develop 是不及物動詞，不能說country develop another.） tell me and I forget. teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.告訴我所以我知道，教我我會記住，讓我參與我會學會。 they fined me 10yuan. （他們罰了我十元） they fined me. （他們罰了我） they fined 10 yuan.（他們罰了？？這個意思。）
Singular with s:
News
Names of some disease: measles, mumps, rickets, shingles
Names of subjects:Linguistics,classics, mathematics
Some Proper nouns: the United Nations, the United States, Algiers, Brussels, Athens
Some games: billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes,
Performative:
（行動性聲明，描述的不是既成事實，而是正在進行或者改變的狀態。）: ? he objectsto the plan. I object to the plan. ?He advises me not to come.（這種句子很難判斷對錯，因為沒有對錯。） I advise you not to come. ? He begs her to tell him the truth. （因為世界處於動態之中，句子只能是事實的反饋，那麼只能是一般過去時態或者進行時態來描繪別人的狀態。） I beg you to tell me the truth. he promises to return the book toyou on Monday.(wrong) I promise to return the book to you on Monday.（這個句子就是正確的，因為在說話的這一瞬間我就是在做承諾。） I have promised to return the book to you on Monday. （這個就不是行動性聲明，而是對過去事實的描述。） 有些詞語強調成果或者進行的動態： He tried to convince her. He is trying to convince her. （這兩個句子都是正確的，一個強調成果，一個強調過程。） He tries to convince her.(這個句子就是錯誤的，無法具體判斷真實的事實進程。）
Imperative:
（命令性聲明） 1.without subject. be quiet. 假如有主語的話，語氣會更強，例如， you be quiet. you put the book. you mind your own business. somebody open the door. the 這些句子都有主語，就會顯得更不禮貌。但是在negation裡面的話，就不會這麼粗魯，比如， you dont open the window.
tense and aspect:
tense is related to time, aspect relates to action. 英語實際只有過去時態和現在時態，因為將來時態其實不是單詞本身的變化。 aspect： 分為一般，進行，完成， 完成進行時四種。 進行（描述進行的動作，描述現在的狀態，表達將要到來的動作，表達不是特別明顯的斷言請求，比如 I am thinking..） perfect aspect. past time with current relevance( past action in now). anterior time. where didi youu put my purse? where have you put my pause（前面的過去一般過去時態，形容的一個過去的事實，而後句的完成時態，則是埋怨的意思。） 有些完成時態的動作是完成的，有些完成時態的動作沒有完成。 I will not forget that I have forgotten lyrics. I will other forget that I forgot lyrics（這兩個句子的不同在於，前面的句子對於自身的反悔情緒比後面的一般過去時態的句子更深刻。）.
Searlles contribution:
felicity conditions, 1.propositional content, I am cold, 2. sincerity, eg. teacher ask you do sth or order you do sth. 3，prepatary condition, sb have authority over you, or, a benefits B and Britain believer A benefits B. 4. essential,
compliment: a case study. definition, positively speech acts, signals of solidarity. 這個詞語的含義沒有「恭維」那麼強烈。只是想建立比較和諧的關係。
audible attention and civil inatttention 聽覺上的關注和行為上的不關注。
在中文的恭維和英語中的compliment是不一樣的， 比如演講結束之後，西方人喜歡通過詢問來體現「理解了」或者「compliment」，但是在中文環境詢問好像是對演講者的不尊重，不認同。 syntactive patterns: NP+be : that coat is really great. be looking . You are looking terrific. I like/love I simply love that skirt. pronoun be, thats a very nice coat. what, what lovely.
topics of compliments: appearance, ability, performance, possessions, other. 恭維的話題無非就是外貌，表現，財富或者其他。
effective compliment:
give them your reason, you have a niece haircut---I like your haircut because it highlights your eyes. your shoes are nice---your shoes are beautiful. 2. mention the name, 3. make it easy for the other to answer. sue, I like your haircut because it highlithgs your eyes, How did you happen to choose that style? John, your shoes are nice because they gowll with yoursuit. What madeyour decidde to go for that style? 怎麼做一個有效果的恭維， 簡述原因，點出名字，詢問原因。
response:
1. accept, thanks, I think its lovely, too. You are looking good too. Its not too bad, is it? 2. reject, Im afraid I dont like it much. Is beautiful the right word? You dont really mean that. 3. deflect/ evade My mother knittedit. I bought it at ...place. its time we were leaving, isnt it? 回答恭維有三種方式，接受，拒絕和迴避。
thank在前面四種模式下的不同意思。考試考察
Goffman on interaction:
SAIC：
situational propriety；accessibility;involvement and civil inattention
Situational propriety:
this suggests that the meaning of our actions is linked to the context in which they arouse,andthat we can rarely understand behavior without knowledge of the situationin whichti occured. 情景意義。social gatherings, or social situation. 社交情景。 Mrs. Cliton got a warmer reception at lunch with Daiso Binguo, a member of the powerful State Council. " You look youger and more beautiful than you look on TV." he exclaimed.這個就是反面例子。Mrs.
Clinton was momtarily nonplused, before replying, " Well , we will get along very well."
accessibility:
in everday life, we allow ourselves to be accessible to all friedns and ratified strangers.
involvement:our capacity to give, or to withhbold from fiing, concerted attention to the activity at hand.
the assumption of good will:the assumption of mutual regard and good will build into open regions.
spatial constaint: engagement to the conversational kind appear to have , at least in our society, some spatial conventions.
Involvement:
Our capacity to give, or to withhold from giving, concerted attention to the activity at hand.
Civil inattention:
Civil inattention involves both a willingness to be seen and a sign of deference to those present.
Hall( middle-class distance) intimate:
body contact to 18 inches, personal: 18 inches to 4 feet, social: 4 feet to 12 feet, publicL12 feet to 15 feet.)
front:
personal front -1. possess , sex, age, rank, physical looks, race, etc. 2. give. 3 give off (minor cues)
impression management: a manners , appearance
Leechs theory:
three pragmatic scales: cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness. six maxims: Tact maxim , minimize cost to others, maximize benefit to others; generosity Maxim: minimize benefit to oneself, maximize cost to oneself; approbation maxim: minimize despraizse to others, maximize prasie to others; modesty maxim: maximize dispraise to oneself , minimize praise to oneself. agreement maxi: minimize disagreement, maximize agreement; sympathy maxim, minimize 三種實踐維度和六種最大維度
three features: gradability; conflict, appropriateness.
Brown and Levinsons politeness theory:
definition of face.2. the term face may be defined as the positive social value a person efffectively claims(must be claims, if not claimed, is not effective) for himself by the line others assumehe has taken during a partivular contace.(Goffman)。面部表情（facial expression）是指通過眼部肌肉、顏面肌肉和口部肌肉的變化來表現各種情緒狀態。比如眼睛不但可以傳情還可以交流思想，面部表情是一種十分重要的非語言交往手段。Chinese face is more self-center.
two kinds of face:
positive face(image), negative face(freedom), FTA: face treatening act , it is presumed that acts of communication often carry implications that threaten the face of an interactant.
those taht directly damage Ss possitive face:
two kinds of politeness: positive politeness and negetive politeness.
positive politeness:is approach-based; it "anoints" ...
negetive politeness: thus is essnetially avoindande-based , and realizations of negative-politeness strategies consist in assurancess that the speaker recognizes and respects the addressees negetive-face wants and will not interfere with the addressees freedom of action. 消極的禮貌是為了避免做某事。
Face threatening act (FTA):
it is presumed that acts of communication often carry implications that threaten the face of an interactant.
socialogical variables:
the social distance of S and H( a symmetrec relation);
the relative power of S and H ( an asymmetrec relation), the absolute ranking of impositions in the particular culture. 社交變化會由於各種社會外在等級制度而改變。
set of strategies:
without redressive action, baldly on record . with redressive action , positive politeness, negative politeness, off record, dont do the FTA.
Bald on record: damands overrides face concerns: 1. watch out! 2.. your plants aree on fire.
Bald on record oriented to face:
without redressive action.
Positive politeness:
1. notice; attend to H. 2. exagggeration; 3. use in-group identity markers. 4. seek agreement.5. avoide adisagreement(token agreement, e.g. you hate your Mom and Dad, Oh, Sometimes.)
negative politeness:
1. be conbentionally indirect, dont presume or assume, 2. question, hedge,(dont presume.) do me a favour , will you? I wonder if John went out. 3. be pesssimistic ( do not coerce.) the use of the subjunctive. could you distance ti for me? 4. minimize the imposition, I just want to ask you if I can borrow, I just dropped by for a minute to ask if you.... 5. give deference, will you care for a sanwich?, 6. apology 7. impersonalize S and H.
turn and turn-taking system:
according to Sacks, the basic unit of the conversation is "turn". turn-taking mechanis: A select N and A stops. A does not select, and B self-selects, A doesnt select, and no one self-selects, and them either the conversation ends or A continues. Turn signals: 1. intonation-marked clause, 2. sociocenttric sequence,you know, or something. 3. completion of grammatical clause.
Signals:
1.back-channel signal and cues,the auditor』s use form the back channel is gennerally taken to indicate continuing attentiveness of one sort or another to the speaker』s message. And the back channel appeats to provide the auditor with a means for participating actively in the conversation, thus facilitaiting the genealogical coordinating of action bu both participants, within the structure of the conversation.
Types:
1.em, this expression is used to stand for a group of readily identified verbalizations. 2. sentence completions; request for clarification; 3.brief restatement;5.head nods and shakes.
Presequence:
A preannouncement is a presequence for an announcement of news.
A preinvitation is a presequence that is likely to be understood by the respondent as a signal of a coming invitation.
A preclosing is a presequence that signals the end of a conversation is near.
A prerequest is a presequence that prefigures a request, possibly by ascertaining the ability of the respondent to satisfy the coming request.
Interaction rules:
when the auditor uses a back channel, there seems to be a mutual understanding; presequence: a presequence is a sequence that is used to introduce a conversational action, and often prefigures a particular sort of action and secures the addressee』s cooperation. Preannouncement: a preannouncement is a presequence for an announcement of news.(it consists of a turn in which the announcing participant checks on the newsworthiness of the item, and may also consist of a turn in which the recipient allows or disallows the newsworthiness of the item before beginning a request-acceptance or question-answer sequence to elicit the announcement.) Preclosing: a preclosing is a presequecnce that signal the end of a conversation is near. IT provides opportunity for the discussion of any additional remaining topic before the participants proceed with the closing sequence. (When the auditor uses a back channel, there seems to be a mutual understanding between the particiants that the speaker retains the turn throughout the duration of the back channel, and that the speaker will continue the turn immediately upon the completion of the back channel.)
Examination:1.know the concept, such as 『back channel cues」. 「negative politeness」, at least there is a sentence is correct in the pair to find the grammar wrong. Distinguish the un. and cn, 1. why can』t people say」 we debate the constitution?」 2. can we say 「 where is the headquarters?」 , the adjective order, usually 3 adjectives, the tense is important. 7/10, only choose 7 of the 10，if you choose 10, just count first 7. pay attention to collective nouns, such as 「cattle」, in last question: analyse the phenomenon through the theory of the course.
go through the PPT
Look through the book
xx大學外文學院
2018～2018學年第二學期期末考試試卷
□A卷 □ B卷
（ 裝 訂 線 內 不 要 答 題 ）
課程名稱：_____ 英語通論______ 課程代碼：______
開課院系：_____ 外文學院 ______ 考試形式： _____ _____
姓 名： 學 號： 專 業：
題 號
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Final Examination for Aspects of English
(June, 2018)
Answer seven of the following questions. (21%)
What is a summation plural? Please give at least two examples.
It only have plural form,it combined with several same part, such as scales, trousers
What is the difference in meaning and usage between the two uses of 「office」 in the following two sentences:
I got the job through the kind offices of my uncle.
Donald Trump was sworn in office as 45th present of the United States.
Help, authority.
Why do we need a pre-announcement sequence? You need to give one example.
When we need to make an announcement, we need to make a pre-annoucement to see the listener』s possible attitude.
What is the difference between 「I am staying with my aunt」 and 「I have been staying with my aunt?」
Why do we say 「We eat with a knife and fork」 instead of 「We eat with a knife and a fork？」
「a knife and fork」 is a suit for eating, while 「 a knife and a fork」 is 「a knife」 and 「a fork」 combined together.
What is the male form for a goose?
Gander.
Why is 「He is a handsome and English teacher」 wrong?
Inherent and non-inherent shouldn』t be together.
Under what circumstances can 「resemble」 be used in the progressive aspect? We need an example here.
She resembles her mother.
She is resembling her father more and more.
What does Tact Maxim mean? Please use one example to illustrate the point.
Minimize the
Tact maxim , minimize cost to others, maximize benefit to others
What does 「nee」 mean in 「Rose Smith nee White?」
Maternal name.
Choose seven pairs and correct the error(s) in the sentences in each pair. Please note that it is possible that both sentences are wrong. If there is an error please point it out and explain why. (42%)
In the earthquake, he lost 200 heads of cattles.
In the earthquake, he lost 200 heads of cattle.
I hate to have visitors after hour.
I hate to have visitors after hours.
She was really offended by the laureate poets who left with a word.
She was really offended by the poets laureate who left with a word.
He did not realize that making amends is different from make apology.
He did not realize that making an amends is different from make an apology.
He was surprised to find an old big beautiful triangular shelf in the office.
He was surprised to find a beautiful old triangular big shelf in the office.
I am betting you ten dollars that AC Milan will win.
I bet you ten dollars that AC Milan will win.
Select ONE of the following tasks (300 words) (37%):
It is often the case that when one praises a Chinese after her singing at a party, she tends to say something to the effect that the performance is just so-so or not as good. But an English person may give a different response. What kind of response will the English person give and why the Chinese person and the English person respond differently? Please use one of the politeness theories discussed in class to analyze the case.
Many complain that the Chinese do not say 「Thank you」 often enough. Are there any differences between the Chinese and the English interactional norms when it comes to saying thanking you? Discuss the felicity conditions of each to illustrate the differences.
Final Examination for Aspects of English
(June, 2018)
Answer seven of the following questions. (21%)
What are the biggest differences between English and Chinese nouns? (We need examples).
English nouns emphasize the singular and plural form, while Chinese nouns not.
I need a apple. 「我要蘋果。」
Why do we usually say 「My mother cooked egg and chips for my breakfast」 instead of 「My mother cooked eggs and chips for my breakfast?」
Eggs means different kinds of egg.
What does 「a face threatening act」 mean?
A act will influence the positive attitude of the speaker.
Why can』t people say 「We debate the constitution?」
Debate is a dynamic verb, it should be 「 we are debating the constitution.」
Can we say 「Where is the headquarters？」
Summation noun.
How can we address Francis Smith with the term 「lord?』
Lord Smith.
What is the difference between 「the concerned doctor」 and 「the doctor concerned?」
The kind doctor, and the responsible doctor.
Why do we say 「such a fool」 instead of 「a such fool?」
「such」 should only be added before noun phase.
Why don』t we say 「He lives?」
Live is a intransitive verb, but it should be added adjunct to make the sentence complete. For example, 「 he lives in the city.」
What is the difference between 「we discussed that question in class」 and 「 We have discussed that question in class?」
The first emphasize the fact that we finished the action, the second emphasizes the result that we have done it and it effects.
Choose seven pairs and correct the error(s) in the sentences in each pair. Please note that it is possible that both sentences are wrong. If there is an error please point it out and explain why. (42%).
He was hit on his head.
He was hit on the head.
This time he is in big trouble because he seems to have broken the crime law.
This time he is in big trouble because he seems to have broken the law of crime.
Criminal law.
John was mad at her, calling her a good idiot.
John was mad at her, calling her a total idiot. .
He left his child in the indoors stadium, and went back to his office.
He left his child in the indoor stadium and went back to office.
Everybody knows that John would take over the company because he is the apparent heir.
Everybody knows that John would take over the company because he is the heir apparent.
An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person
The earthquake is not almost as grave as people expected.
The earthquake is not nearly as grave as people expected.
The wine tastes sweetly.
The wine tastes sweet.
She has broken down and I regret to tell her the truth.
She has broken down and I regret telling her the truth.
The tower is standing at the top of the mountain and you won』t miss it.
The tower stands at the top of the mountain and you won』t miss it.
You can』t blame us for that because we are lacking the necessary experience.
You can』t blame us for that because we lack the necessary experiences.
Select ONE of the following tasks (300 words) (37%):
Some people say that the Chinese are not at good producing back channel cues. Doe you agree? You need to explain that a back channel cue is, give examples and explain why you agree or disagree.
Some argue that there is not negative politeness in the Chinese culture since the Chines culture is collectivistic. What is your take on that?
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