說明:本文首發於InVisor舊公眾號。

導語:研究生申請階段有幾大硬體:GPA、語言考試成績和GRE/GMAT。很多同學找到InVisor的導師,第一個問題就是:「我的背景能申請到什麼學校?」「我拿到女神項目offer的幾率有多大?」

InVisor想告訴你: 對於你能去到怎樣的學校,或者的錄取幾率多少,從來都沒有放之四海而皆準的法則——相關的因素實在太多,從你個人硬體、軟體的強弱,到每年的申請趨勢變化、學校招生政策的調整……

你能做的不是去猜測、預估你的錄取幾率,而是最大化地增加你的錄取幾率

對於硬體尚有不足的同學,在我們不能改變我們自己的學校背景、GPA,甚至已經不夠時間去提高雅思/托福/GRE/GMAT的分數的情況下,文書的重要性不言而喻;而對於硬體出色的同學來說,要讓你在同樣出色的佼佼者中脫穎而出,同樣需要在文書上卯足火候。


文書到底應該怎麼寫?

首先,InVisor的哲學始終如一:作為申請者,你文書的核心理應是你自己,而非任何第三方;因此,InVisor的角色不應該是取代你來完成申請,而是引導你們一步步完成這篇靈魂之作,並與你一起精益求精地修改,直到文書水準超出目標項目的要求。

其次,我們不應該孤立地關注一篇PS、Essay或CV,而應該從文書的整體性出發。你提交的簡歷CV、推薦信和PS/Essay從來都是一個完整的組合,它們需要相互配合,相輔相成,一起來講出一個個故事,塑造你的形象,共通向招生官展示一個鮮活的你。再者,不同學校、不同招生官招生標準不同,因此很難絕對化地說哪個更重要。即使大家都覺得PS重要,還是有一些招生官表示,他們習慣先看CV,然後再決定是否仔細看你的PS。

InVisor建議,如無特殊的情況下,先寫CV(北美和歐洲定義有別,此處統一將Resume歸為CV),因為這可以幫助你系統地整理你過往的所有經歷,激發你的回憶和思考。需要注意的是,研究生申請的CV與求職CV不同。第一,它的篇幅不一定要限定在一頁;第二,最好有學術研究經歷(Research Experience)、獲獎經歷和豐富的課外活動。

第二步是推薦信。你要鼓勵推薦人在給你寫推薦信前,思考清楚怎樣才能更好地展現你優勢;在這之前,你得為對方的寫作提供足夠的素材。如果是你自己先寫初稿,則需要給每封推薦信安排好固定的角色(即需要具體描述的方面、經歷、特徵和亮點),它們須注意不要彼此在內容上重複,但可以相互論證佐證。

最後,是異曲同工的PS和Essay。PS相對Essay更加寬泛和自由,它的核心職能更偏向於以一條或多條線索連接「你」和你的目標項目。請注意,匹配永遠是最重要的,而非一昧地談論自己認為自己有的優勢,甚至像流水賬一樣羅列本應該放在CV里的一條條經歷。所以,請一定要先以一個具體的項目作為目標,然後提供你的目標項目匹配的點,最後逐漸在PS中展開。

部分學校要求的提交Essay,可以理解成命題小作文,多見於北美的大學及歐洲頂尖的商學院。Essay往往在內容、結構、表現手法和語言上與PS類似,但更加精簡,並專註於一個特定的話題。寫Essay,請務必注意審題。InVisor的導師接觸到的很多Essay初稿,表達和內容都不錯,但答非所問。試想一下,如果招生官發現你連幾句話的Essay題目都沒能理解,那他該如何相信你能出色地完成研究生階段的學術學習?

本部分將以PS為例子展開,談談寫一篇文書的步驟。

動筆前

1. 深入思考:

執筆之前,請嘗試回答以下表格中的問題:

(下方表格僅僅供你開拓寫作思路,你的PS中不一定要涉及裡面所有的內容。來源:《InVisor PS問題表 2016.8》)

2. 設計線索和大綱:

初步列出你想在PS裡面呈現的內容,完成故事的線索和大綱。

註:PS寫作沒有通用的結構法則——換言之,你可以以任何結構順序來展現你自己,只要能表現到位。下圖是一種比較常用的結構。來源:《InVisor文書寫作指南V3》:

開始動筆

3. 完善初稿:

現在開始完善每部分的內容(還記得高中語文老師教的寫作方法嗎?英文寫作同樣適用)。如果你有多個論點,則注意需要用例子或思考來論證每個論點(舉例論證、道理論證、對比論證······),並結合你個人的思考,完成第一篇初稿。如果你以文學性方式展開你的PS(例如散文、記敘文文體),則注意用一條明確的線索貫穿始終,做到形散神不散。很多同學都會告訴我們說,我的初稿真的很爛,能不能你們幫忙寫。但其實初稿真的沒有那麼重要。但初稿可以幫你打開語言表達的通路,將抽象思維轉換成文字語言。所以,勇敢地動筆寫吧!

案例1

此處我們額外談談中國申請者的PS中最常見的一個問題:將PS寫成CV,即在段落里羅列各種經歷,彷彿流水賬一般。例如:

「我在大學階段積累了豐富的課外活動經驗。首先,我參加了···,獲得了···;隨後,我在···完成了···;最後,我踴躍報名···。這些經歷提升了我的綜合能力,使我成為一名出色的申請者。」 (反面教材,請勿參考)

在寫作上,這是很有邏輯性的陳述,但它出現在PS裡面就令招生官打瞌睡了。PS中的經歷描寫是很重要的,但請挑重點經歷出來著重描寫!請好好地講好你的一個或幾個故事,而非羅列經歷。試想一下,如果你拿這樣的PS來演講,台下有多少人會玩手機?

我們看看申請到沃頓商學院的Lisa是怎麼在Essay中用細節描述「在母親的塑造下,自己變得獨立而堅強」的吧:

I grew up in a four-room apartment in the middle of Beijing…..(省略)My life was simple. At five years old, it was differentiated by two things, the times I was with my mother and the times I was not…..(省略). I remember nights we would spend together when she was busy with her research and classes; I would sit in a desk next to her, drawing pictures and imagine that I was her personal assistant. I also remember times when I had to stay home alone because she had a lecture to give or errands to run; I would lean against the window sill staring down into the bleak, concrete streets waiting and watching for the return of a petite form in a bright red jacket. Yet despite the forlorn days and the lonely nights, I feel neither regret nor resentment towards those early years or my mother. On the contrary, I am incredibly proud and grateful for all the difficulties she endured in order to raise me properly. Had it not been for my childhood experiences, I would not have matured at such an early age or developed such a strong sense of independence.(Source: 50 Successful Ivy League Application Essays)

上面的描述,都不適合放在CV中;相反,它們更適合於PS寫作。通過本段及前後文大量的細節描寫,Lisa成功地描繪了自己童年移居美國後的成長故事,塑造了自己獨立、堅強的性格和對新環境的適應力。

請思考一下,如果你想表現自己的「領導力」,你是平淡地陳述4條自己過往的社團實習經歷,還是集中寫好自己某一條或某幾條經歷呢?

Less is more, right?

完善,完善,再完善

4. 反覆修改:

Essay、PS這種東西,可能一開始會讓人覺得無從下手,但其實有了思路之後,開始動筆寫,就會輕鬆很多,隨後就是反反覆復地修改了。修改常常比初稿本身重要得多。就像William Zinsser在寫作經典On Writing Well一書中提到的,「The essence of writing is rewriting」,好的寫作有賴於反反覆復地動筆修改。

反覆修改的過程,可以有與你一起申請的小夥伴、你的同學朋友,當然最好有native speaker。對中國人而言,除了專家級專家級英語人士,大多數同學即使英語再「好」,也難以避免寫作中的中式英語(「The work of all but the most highly trained and experienced will inevitably contain elements of Chinglish」 -- 外交部語言審校官Joan Pinkham評論中式英語)。

案例2

如下是InVisor的外籍導師的修改案例(如需查看截圖前的原稿,請郵件聯繫

[email protected])。

1. 這篇500字的文書推薦信出現了不少英語語言上的典型問題。我們的一名InVisor外籍導師(Peter, Language Assesor)據此提供了50餘條評論,每個評論都說明要修改什麼,為什麼做此修改。這也涉及了更換詞語,修改結構,補充內容,以及刪減冗餘信息等諸多方面。

2. 而這篇PS的問題則主要是內容不完善。在審閱了PS初稿後,導師(Warren, PhD)向這位同學提了十幾個針對性的問題;基於同學的回答,導師對全文大部分內容進行了修改和調整,以娓娓道來的形式塑造該同學的形象和對自身、對未來的思考。此外,還將英文轉換成了英式英語的表達風格,以便迎合同學申請目標。

優秀Essay案例分析

(說明:這是2015年申請巴黎高等商學院HEC的GE項目8篇Essay中的第一篇。出於對同學隱私的保護,我們在獲得該同學同意後,選擇了這篇不含個人信息的Essay用於分析)

很多學校要求學生提供命題的Essay,而非一封自由發揮的Personal Statement。Essay的內容和架構原理上和PS是相似的,我們需要學會的,是如何通過項目提供的題目提示,來寫出一封能動容招生官的文章。

Essay題目:Describe, in descending order, your 3 most important interests? Justify your answer (limit your answer to 1000 characters spacing included)?

同學初稿:

Three interests—Academic research, entrepreneurship as well as language acquisitions outweigh the others. I put academic research in the first place due to my enchantment for my learning fields—management, especially in human resources and finance. Quietly fascinated about social science which functions as a force for social efficiency and value distribution, I started my two major academic certificate researches in both human resources (investigating proper incentives for employees during different pressure levels in a local Chinese private company) and finance (evaluating debatable land finance and housing tax policy in China. I was satisfied --when quantitative methods combining abundant paper references leads to the project completion. Secondly entrepreneurship, I ran an English training education program where I applied management theories (organization design and marketing strategies), while language acquisition is also my taste to strengthen cross-cultural communication ability.

InVisor導師(Katie, Harvard)批判性評價:

優勢:

  1. 內容符合題目要求,研究興趣和項目(management in human resources and finance)匹配
  2. 不僅說了興趣,更提供了具體例子來支持論點。例子與該同學的CV中的學術經歷相輔相成。
  3. 思路比較清晰,架構明確,邏輯的銜接也比較順暢。

初步劣勢分析:

語言可讀性不強;關於能力、經歷和未來目標的細節不足。

(The essays could be stronger by improving the readability and offering more details and descriptions about the applicant』s skills, experiences, and future goals. )

進一步劣勢分析:

  1. 為什麼對Human resource和Finance 感興趣? 本文未能說明。
  2. 創業是該同學的一大特色,是他的比較優勢(Comparative Advantage),需要更詳細說明,以便與其他申請者區分開來:創業學會了什麼,具體做了什麼? 這比詳細描述研究經曆本身更能加分。
  3. 「語言學習」的信息不足,且與前面經歷的描寫完全不成比例,需要補充。
  4. 學校詢問Interests,是希望全方位看待一個學生,從課外活動看出一個人的特質。因此,這三個要點本身是否需要替換成其他的興趣愛好,仍需討論。
  5. 語言可讀性和準確性不足。

此外,導師還對申請者補充了如下問題:

  1. 你是如何產生對管理的興趣的?有什麼個人、教育及職業發展上的經歷促成你的興趣?(How did you become interested in the field of management? What personal, educational, and professional experiences led to this interest? )
  2. 你從英語培訓的這個經歷中學到了什麼?它幫助你培養了什麼技能?(What did you learn from the experience of running an English training program? What skills did this experience help you develop? )

修改後:

Academic research, entrepreneurship, and acquiring languages are my primary interests. I place academic research first, due to my life-long intellectual curiosity about management, especially in human resources and finance. Always having been fascinated with the ways in which social scientific issues influence social efficiency and value distribution, I undertook two academic programmes: in human resources, investigating incentives offered to employees during various stressful situations in a local Chinese private company, and in finance, evaluating land finance and housing tax policy in China. My interest in entrepreneurship comes from my early business attempts after high school. By applying the basic project management and marketing strategies acquired through self-study, I successfully established an English training centre with my teammates—it is one thing to proclaim a business idea, quite another to carry it out, and this is where entrepreneurship attracts me the most. Finally, I love learning new languages, whether it be English, Spanish or French. Language is an interesting tool that enables me to better communicate with others from foreign cultures.

部分修改的解釋說明:

1. The student could』ve justified his/her interests in other ways besides work experiences – e.g. having networked with an influential person. Likewise, too much of the essay was focused on the first interest. This could』ve been intentional, but a good balance doesn』t hurt.

2. Remove some of the examples from the academic research section, and add more examples and substantive thoughts to the entrepreneurial and language sections. If I knew more about the author』s goals in life, I might be able to give more tailored advice.

3. Someone who is judging your work might not care whether you were happy/satisfied with something. Focus on what discovery or solution to a problem the research accomplished.

4. 「As well as」 usually is used to connect two long phrases or lists that already contain smaller combination words like 『and』. For example: apples, oranges, and cherries as well as bananas, mangoes, and pears. That phrase also might convey pretentiousness or showmanship more than formality.

5. 「Quietly fascinated」 is an unusual way to say (I interpret) that something is private, personal, or a latent undercurrent.

6. The word 『enchantment』 is a bit old-fashioned and obscure. Intellectual curiosity, which is a quality that many professors I know associate with success as an academic researcher, or long-term or life-long preoccupation or interest, might be better.

7. 『Proper』 indicates a propriety or etiquette judgment, such as by a society/culture, legal system, government, etc. In what sense were the incentives proper?

8. Be aware that 『organization』 is US English. In UK English, it would be organisation. Change all language into English language since HEC is an Europe university.

其實,要在1000個字元(1000 characters spacing included) 內清晰地闡述完所有內容是比較困難的,所以在修改的時候注意詳略適當,注意補充和突出重點內容。同時,其他沒有辦法呈現但是有很有意義的內容,我們可以在推薦信、CV等地方補充說明。


編後語:

InVisor - 由英、加、美海歸創立的高品質留學品牌。本質上有別於全套代理的留學中介。我們以專業知識、技能和經驗為依託,將諮詢公司的運作模式與個性化教育結合,幫助你斬獲頂尖學府的錄取。在布滿荊棘的留學申請道路上,InVisor將是你強大而溫暖的引路人!

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